C-terminal half of Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 1 (LRRK1)
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Mariusz Matyszewski
PROVIDER: EMPIAR-10921 | biostudies-other |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
Publications
Structural basis for Parkinson's disease-linked LRRK2's binding to microtubules.
Snead David M DM Matyszewski Mariusz M Dickey Andrea M AM Lin Yu Xuan YX Leschziner Andres E AE Reck-Peterson Samara L SL
Nature structural & molecular biology 20221212 12
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is one of the most commonly mutated genes in familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Under some circumstances, LRRK2 co-localizes with microtubules in cells, an association enhanced by PD mutations. We report a cryo-EM structure of the catalytic half of LRRK2, containing its kinase, in a closed conformation, and GTPase domains, bound to microtubules. We also report a structure of the catalytic half of LRRK1, which is closely related to LRRK2 but is not linked to P ...[more]
Similar Datasets
Project description:For more than a decade, researchers have sought to uncover the biological function of the enigmatic leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) enzyme, a large multi-domain protein with dual GTPase and kinase activities. Originally identified as a familial Parkinson's disease (PD) risk gene, variations in LRRK2 are also associated with risk of idiopathic PD, inflammatory bowel disease and susceptibility to bacterial infections. LRRK2 is highly expressed in peripheral immune cells and the potential of LRRK2 to regulate immune and inflammatory pathways has emerged as common link across LRRK2-implicated diseases. This review outlines the current genetic and biochemical evidence linking LRRK2 to the regulation of innate immune inflammatory pathways, including the toll-like receptor and inflammasome pathways. Evidence suggests a complex interplay between genetic risk and protective alleles acts to modulate immune outcomes in a manner dependent on the particular pathogen and cell type invaded.
| S-EPMC7077357 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Numerous leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations identified throughout the protein are associated with Parkinson disease, however the activating G2019S kinase domain mutation is currently regarded as the most common cause of familial and sporadic forms of this disorder. Despite studies demonstrating the prominent role that its kinase activity plays in the pathobiology of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, few substrates have been identified and only a subset of these have been linked to disease. Therefore, we utilized protein microarrays to screen over 9,000 human proteins in an unbiased radiometric assay for potential targets of the kinase. ProtoArrayM-bM-^DM-" Human Protein Microarrays v5.0 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) were used following the manufactureM-bM-^@M-^Ys protocol (ProtoArray Kinase Substrate Identification Kit). Briefly, slides were equilibrated at 4C for 15 min before blocking in 1% BSA in PBS for 1 h at 4oC with gentle shaking. Recombinant G2019S or D1994A glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-LRRK2 (970-2527) (Invitrogen) was diluted to 50nM in 20mM Tris (pH 7.5), 10mM MgCl2, 1mM EGTA, 1mM Na3VO4, 5mM beta-glycerophosphate, 2mM DTT, 0.02% polysorbate 20, and 10 mCi /mL of [gamma- 33P]ATP (33 nM final concentration) in a total volume of 120uL. Slides were overlayed with buffer alone, or buffer containing G2019S or D1994A LRRK2, then covered with a coverslip and placed in a 50 mL conical tube for 1 h at 30oC. Afterwards, slides were washed with 0.5% SDS buffer and water followed by centrifugation. Dried slides were exposed to a PhosphorImager plate (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA), and scanned on a Storm 840 (Molecular Dynamics, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) at 50 microns.
2012-07-13 | E-GEOD-30496 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Numerous leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations identified throughout the protein are associated with Parkinson disease, however the activating G2019S kinase domain mutation is currently regarded as the most common cause of familial and sporadic forms of this disorder. Despite studies demonstrating the prominent role that its kinase activity plays in the pathobiology of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, few substrates have been identified and only a subset of these have been linked to disease. Therefore, we utilized protein microarrays to screen over 9,000 human proteins in an unbiased radiometric assay for potential targets of the kinase.
2012-07-14 | GSE30496 | GEO
Project description:Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) cause late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) with a clinical appearance indistinguishable from idiopathic PD. Initial studies suggest that LRRK2 mutations are the most common yet identified determinant of PD susceptibility, transmitted in an autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance. Herein, we characterize the LRRK2 gene and transcript in human brain and subclone the predominant ORF. Exogenously expressed LRRK2 protein migrates at approximately 280 kDa and is present largely in the cytoplasm but also associates with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Familial-linked mutations G2019S or R1441C do not have an obvious effect on protein steady-state levels, turnover, or localization. However, in vitro kinase assays using full-length recombinant LRRK2 reveal an increase in activity caused by familial-linked mutations in both autophosphorylation and the phosphorylation of a generic substrate. These results suggest a gain-of-function mechanism for LRRK2-linked disease with a central role for kinase activity in the development of PD.
| S-EPMC1283829 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) is the most common cause of late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Although most cases of PD are sporadic, some are inherited, including those caused by LRRK2 mutations. Because these mutations may be associated with a toxic gain of function, controlling the expression of LRRK2 may decrease its cytotoxicity. Here we show that the carboxyl terminus of HSP70-interacting protein (CHIP) binds, ubiquitinates, and promotes the ubiquitin proteasomal degradation of LRRK2. Overexpression of CHIP protects against and knockdown of CHIP exacerbates toxicity mediated by mutant LRRK2. Moreover, HSP90 forms a complex with LRRK2, and inhibition of HSP90 chaperone activity by 17AAG leads to proteasomal degradation of LRRK2, resulting in increased cell viability. Thus, increasing CHIP E3 ligase activity and blocking HSP90 chaperone activity can prevent the deleterious effects of LRRK2. These findings point to potential treatment options for LRRK2-associated PD.
| S-EPMC2650345 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 is a complex protein that consists of multiple domains, including predicted C-terminal WD40 repeats. In this study, we analyzed functional and molecular features conferred by the WD40 domain. Electron microscopic analysis of the purified LRRK2 C-terminal domain revealed doughnut-shaped particles, providing experimental evidence for its WD40 fold. We demonstrate that LRRK2 WD40 binds and sequesters synaptic vesicles via interaction with vesicle-associated proteins. In fact, a domain-based pulldown approach combined with mass spectrometric analysis identified LRRK2 as being part of a highly specific protein network involved in synaptic vesicle trafficking. In addition, we found that a C-terminal sequence variant associated with an increased risk of developing PD, G2385R, correlates with a reduced binding affinity of LRRK2 WD40 to synaptic vesicles. Our data demonstrate a critical role of the WD40 domain within LRRK2 function.
| S-EPMC4054300 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Abcission, the natural shedding of leaves, flowers and fruits, is a fundamental component of plant development. Abscission is a highly regulated process that occurs at distinct zones of cells that undergo enlargement and subsequent separation. Although some components of abscission, including accumulation of the hormone ethylene and cell wall-degrading enzymes, have been described, the regulatory pathways remain largely unknown. In this paper we describe a critical component required for floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana, the receptor-like protein kinase HAESA. Histochemical analysis of transgenic plants harboring a HAESA promoter:: beta-glucuronidase reporter gene and in situ RNA hybridization experiments show HAESA expression in the abscission zones where the sepals, petals, and stamens attach to the receptacle, at the base of pedicels, and at the base of petioles where leaves attach to the stem. Immunodetection, immunoprecipitation, and protein kinase activity assays reveal HAESA is a plasma membrane serine/threonine protein kinase. The reduction of function of HAESA in transgenic plants harboring an antisense construct results in delayed abscission of floral organs, and the severity of the phenotype is directly correlated with the level of HAESA protein. These results demonstrate that HAESA functions in developmentally regulated floral organ abscission.
| S-EPMC316334 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Parkinson's disease, like many common age-related conditions, is now recognized to have a substantial genetic component. Here, I discuss how mutations in a large complex gene--leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)--affect protein function, and I review recent evidence that LRRK2 mutations affect pathways that involve other proteins that have been implicated in Parkinson's disease, specifically ?-synuclein and tau. These concepts can be used to understand disease processes and to develop therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
| S-EPMC4662256 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The G2019S leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation is the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD. Mitochondrial abnormalities are a common feature in PD pathogenesis and we have investigated the impact of G2019S mutant LRRK2 expression on mitochondrial bioenergetics. LRRK2 protein expression was detected in fibroblasts and lymphoblasts at levels higher than those observed in the mouse brain. The presence of G2019S LRRK2 mutation did not influence LRRK2 expression in fibroblasts. However, the expression of the G2019S LRRK2 mutation in both fibroblast and neuroblastoma cells was associated with mitochondrial uncoupling. This was characterized by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased oxygen utilization under basal and oligomycin-inhibited conditions. This resulted in a decrease in cellular ATP levels consistent with compromised cellular function. This uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was associated with a cell-specific increase in uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 and 4 expression. Restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential by the UCP inhibitor genipin confirmed the role of UCPs in this mechanism. The G2019S LRRK2-induced mitochondrial uncoupling and UCP4 mRNA up-regulation were LRRK2 kinase-dependent, whereas endogenous LRRK2 levels were required for constitutive UCP expression. We propose that normal mitochondrial function was deregulated by the expression of G2019S LRRK2 in a kinase-dependent mechanism that is a modification of the normal LRRK2 function, and this leads to the vulnerability of selected neuronal populations in PD.
| S-EPMC3441120 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In neuroblastoma (NB), one of the most common paediatric solid tumours, activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is often associated with poor outcomes. Although genetic studies have identified copy number alteration and nonsynonymous mutations of ALK, the regulatory mechanism of ALK signalling at protein levels is largely elusive. Neuronal leucine-rich repeat 1 (NLRR1) is a type 1 transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in unfavourable NB and potentially influences receptor tyrosine kinase signalling. Here, we showed that NLRR1 and ALK exhibited a mutually exclusive expression pattern in primary NB tissues by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, dorsal root ganglia of Nlrr1+/+ and Nlrr1-/- mice displayed the opposite expression patterns of Nlrr1 and Alk. Of interest, NLRR1 physically interacted with ALK in vitro through its extracellular region. Notably, the NLRR1 ectodomain impaired ALK phosphorylation and proliferation of ALK-mutated NB cells. A newly identified cleavage of the NLRR1 ectodomain also supported NLRR1-mediated ALK signal regulation in trans. Thus, we conclude that NLRR1 appears to be an extracellular negative regulator of ALK signalling in NB and neuronal development. Our findings may be beneficial to comprehend NB heterogeneity and to develop a novel therapy against unfavourable NB.
| S-EPMC5015029 | biostudies-literature