Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Visceral Adiposity Index, Body Adiposity Index and Castelli Risk index I as a measure of cardiovascular risk among post-menopausal women in Ghana
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Yeboah Opoku
PROVIDER: S-BSST251 | biostudies-other |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Background and aimsIncreased cardiovascular disease and mortality risk in metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals remain highly controversial. Several studies suggested risk while others do not. The traditional cardiovascular risk factors may be insufficient to demonstrate the complete range of metabolic abnormalities in MHO individuals. Hence, we aimed to compare the prevalence of elevated lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein B, and uric acid (UA) levels, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio, and visceral adiposity index (VAI) scores, and low apolipoprotein A1 levels among 6 body size phenotypes (normal weight with and without metabolic abnormalities, overweight with and without metabolic abnormalities, and obese with or without metabolic abnormalities).Methods and resultsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 7765 Chinese adults using data from the nationwide China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. MHO persons had intermediate prevalence of elevated apolipoprotein B and UA levels, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio and VAI scores, and low apolipoprotein A1 levels between metabolically healthy normal-weight (MHNW) and metabolically abnormal obese individuals (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Elevated apolipoprotein B and UA concentrations, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio, and VAI scores were all strongly associated with the MHO phenotype (all P < 0.01).ConclusionsPrevalence of elevated apolipoprotein B and UA levels, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio and VAI scores, and low levels of apolipoprotein A1 was higher among MHO persons than among MHNW individuals. The elevated levels of the nontraditional risk factors and VAI scores in MHO persons could contribute to the increased cardiovascular disease risk observed in long-term studies.
| S-EPMC4302064 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPersons with well-treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) demonstrate a 2-fold higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may be related to excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT). The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a score to approximate VAT by combining biochemical measures with anthropometrics without quantification by imaging. We evaluated VAI in association with cardiometabolic factors among persons with HIV (PWH).MethodsForty-five PWH on antiretroviral therapy and virologically controlled with increased abdominal VAT (VAT area >110 cm2 on CT) and no known CVD were included. VAI was calculated using standard sex-specific formulas. Coronary plaque was assessed using coronary CT angiography.ResultsParticipants were predominantly male (73%), white (53%), and non-Hispanic (84%), with a mean age of 55 (standard deviation, 7) years. Among PWH, median VAI was calculated to be 4.9 (interquartile range [IQR], 2.8-7.3). Log VAI correlated with log VAT (r = 0.59, P < .0001) and anthropometric measures (body mass index: r = 0.36, P = .02; waist circumference: r = 0.43, P = .004; waist-to-hip ratio: r = 0.33, P = .03). Participants with coronary plaque had a higher VAI compared to those without coronary plaque (median, 5.3 [IQR, 3.4-10.5] vs 2.8 [IQR, 1.8-5.0]; P = .004). VAI (area under the curve = 0.760, P = .008) performed better than the atherosclerotic CVD risk score to predict the presence of plaque in receiver operating characteristic analyses.ConclusionsVAI may be a useful biomarker of metabolic dysfunction and increased CVD risk that may occur with VAT accumulation in PWH.Clinical trials registrationNCT02740179.
| S-EPMC10407462 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundGiven the recognized health effects of visceral fat, the understanding of how diet can modulate changes in the phenotype "waist circumference for a given body mass index (WC(BMI))", a proxy measure of visceral adiposity, is deemed necessary. Hence, the objective of the present study was to assess the association between dietary factors and prospective changes in visceral adiposity as measured by changes in the phenotype WC(BMI).Methods and findingsWe analyzed data from 48,631 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 5.5 years. WC(BMI) was defined as the residuals of waist circumference regressed on body mass index, and annual change in WC(BMI) (DeltaWC(BMI), cm/y) was defined as the difference between residuals at follow-up and baseline, divided by follow-up time. The association between energy, energy density (ED), macronutrients, alcohol, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), fibre and DeltaWC(BMI) was modelled using centre-specific adjusted linear regression, and random-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates. Men and women with higher ED and GI diets showed significant increases in their WC(BMI), compared to those with lower ED and GI [1 kcal/g greater ED predicted a DeltaWC(BMI) of 0.09 cm (95% CI 0.05 to 0.13) in men and 0.15 cm (95% CI 0.09 to 0.21) in women; 10 units greater GI predicted a DeltaWC(BMI) of 0.07 cm (95% CI 0.03 to 0.12) in men and 0.06 cm (95% CI 0.03 to 0.10) in women]. Among women, lower fibre intake, higher GL, and higher alcohol consumption also predicted a higher DeltaWC(BMI).ConclusionsResults of this study suggest that a diet with low GI and ED may prevent visceral adiposity, defined as the prospective changes in WC(BMI). Additional effects may be obtained among women of low alcohol, low GL, and high fibre intake.
| S-EPMC2904387 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesThis study sought to evaluate differential effects of visceral fat (VF) and subcutaneous fat and their effects on metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk across body mass index (BMI) categories.BackgroundThe regional distribution of adipose tissue is an emerging risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, although serial changes in fat distribution have not been extensively investigated. VF and its alterations over time may be a better marker for risk than BMI in normal weight and overweight or obese individuals.MethodsWe studied 1,511 individuals in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) with adiposity assessment by computed tomography (CT). A total of 253 participants without MetS at initial scan underwent repeat CT (median interval 3.3 years). We used discrete Cox regression with net reclassification to investigate whether baseline and changes in VF area are associated with MetS.ResultsHigher VF was associated with cardiometabolic risk and coronary artery calcification, regardless of BMI. After adjustment, VF was more strongly associated with incident MetS than subcutaneous fat regardless of weight, with a 28% greater MetS hazard per 100 cm(2)/m VF area and significant net reclassification (net reclassification index: 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29 to 0.60) over clinical risk. In individuals with serial imaging, initial VF (hazard ratio: 1.24 per 100 cm(2)/m, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.44 per 100 cm(2)/m, p = 0.003) and change in VF (hazard ratio: 1.05 per 5% change, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.08 per 5% change, p = 0.02) were associated with MetS after adjustment. Changes in subcutaneous fat were not associated with incident MetS after adjustment for clinical risk and VF area.ConclusionsVF is modestly associated with BMI. However, across BMI, a single measure of and longitudinal change in VF predict MetS, even accounting for weight changes. Visceral adiposity is essential to assessing cardiometabolic risk, regardless of age, race, or BMI, and may serve as a marker and target of therapy in cardiometabolic disease.
| S-EPMC4268163 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We aimed to investigate the interaction between the transcript levels of taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) and metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) and the Cholesterol-Saturated Fat Index (CSI) in relation to the visceral adiposity index (VAI) and body adiposity index (BAI). This cross-sectional study involved 346 women classified as obese and overweight, aged between 18 and 48 years. Dietary intake and the quality of dietary fat were assessed using a validated and reliable 147-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, with the Cholesterol-Saturated Fat Index (CSI) used as an indicator. Transcription levels of MALAT1 and TUG1 were evaluated through real-time polymerase chain reaction following the criteria outlined in the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative standards. Serum profiles were measured using standard protocols. We observed a positive association between transcription level of MALAT1 and VAI in both crude (β = 3.646, 95% CI 1.950-5.341, p < 0.001) and adjusted (β = 8.338, 95% CI 6.110-10.566, p < 0.001) models. Furthermore, after adjusting for confounders, a significant positive interaction was noted between MALAT1 expression and CSI on BAI (β: 0.130, 95% CI 0.019, 0.240, p = 0.022), with a marginal positive interaction observed on VAI (β: 0.718, 95% CI - 0.028, 1.463, p = 0.059). It seems that there may be a positive interaction between MALAT1 transcription level and CSI on VAI and BAI among overweight and obese women. However, no associations were seen between TUG1 mRNA level and the above-mentioned outcomes. Further functional studies are still required to elucidate this concept.
| S-EPMC10762150 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo individuate a novel sex-specific index, based on waist circumference, BMI, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol, indirectly expressing visceral fat function.Research design and methodsVisceral adiposity index (VAI) was first modeled on 315 nonobese healthy subjects. Using two multiple logistic regression models, VAI was retrospectively validated in 1,498 primary care patients in comparison to classical cardio- and cerebrovascular risk factors.ResultsAll components of metabolic syndrome increased significantly across VAI quintiles. VAI was independently associated with both cardiovascular (odd ratio [OR] 2.45; 95% CI 1.52-3.95; P < 0.001) and cerebrovascular (1.63; 1.06-2.50; P = 0.025) events. VAI also showed significant inverse correlation with insulin sensitivity during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in a subgroup of patients (R(s) = -0.721; P < 0.001). By contrast, no correlations were found for waist circumference and BMI.ConclusionsOur study suggests VAI is a valuable indicator of "visceral adipose function" and insulin sensitivity, and its increase is strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk.
| S-EPMC2845052 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVES:To assess the validity of body mass index (BMI) and age- and sex-standardized BMI z-score (BMIZ) as surrogates for adiposity (body fat percentage [BF%], fat mass, and fat mass index [kg/m2]) at 3 time points in infancy (1, 4, and 7 months) and to assess the extent to which the change in BMIZ represents change in adiposity. STUDY DESIGN:We performed a secondary analysis of 447 full-term infants in a previous trial of maternal vitamin D supplementation during lactation. Study staff measured infant anthropometrics and assessed body composition with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 1, 4, and 7 months of age. We calculated Spearman correlations (rs) among BMI, BMIZ, and adiposity at each time point, and between change in BMIZ and change in adiposity between time points. RESULTS:Infants (N = 447) were 52% male, 38% white, 31% black, and 29% Hispanic. The BMIZ was moderately correlated with BF% (rs = 0.43, 0.55, 0.48 at 1, 4, and 7 months of age, respectively). BMIZ correlated more strongly with fat mass and fat mass index, particularly at 4 and 7 months of age (fat mass rs = 0.72-0.76; fat mass index rs = 0.75-0.79). Changes in BMIZ were moderately correlated with adiposity changes from 1 to 4 months of age (rs = 0.44 with BF% change; rs = 0.53 with fat mass change), but only weakly correlated from 4 to 7 months of age (rs = 0.21 with BF% change; rs = 0.27 with fat mass change). CONCLUSIONS:BMIZ is moderately correlated with adiposity in infancy. Changes in BMIZ are a poor indicator of adiposity changes in later infancy. BMI and BMIZ are limited as surrogates for adiposity and especially adiposity changes in infancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00412074.
| S-EPMC5924641 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The associations between visceral adiposity index (VAI), body shape index and diabetes in adults were inconsistent. We assessed the predictive capacity of VAI and body shape index for diabetes by comparing them with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). We used the data of 5838 Chinese men and women aged ≥18 years from the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the independent associations between Chinese VAI (CVAI) or body shape index and diabetes. The predictive power of the two indices was assessed using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and compared with those of BMI and WC. Both CVAI and body shape index were positively associated with diabetes. The odds ratios for diabetes were 4.9 (2.9-8.1) and 1.8 (1.2-2.8) in men, and 14.2 (5.3-38.2) and 2.0 (1.3-3.1) in women for the highest quartile of CVAI and body shape index, respectively. The area under the ROC (AUC) and Youden index for CVAI was the highest among all four obesity indicators, whereas BMI and WC are better indicators for diabetes screening. Higher CVAI and body shape index scores are independently associated with diabetes risk. CVAI has a higher overall diabetes diagnostic ability than BMI, WC and body shape index in Chinese adults. BMI and WC, however, are more appealing as screening indicators considering their easy use.
| S-EPMC6683101 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundGlobally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) constitutes the primary cause of death, with insulin resistance (IR), measured by the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, and visceral obesity, reflected by the Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index (CVAI), as key contributors. However, the relationship between the TyG index and CVAI regarding CVD risk remains insufficiently understood. This research investigates the interactive impact of the TyG index and CVAI on the risk of cardiovascular disease.MethodsWe analyzed data from 8,358 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) over a 9-year follow-up period. Participants were classified into four groups based on median TyG index (8.59) and CVAI values (101.26), and baseline characteristics were summarized. Missing data were addressed using multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE). Cox proportional hazards models assessed associations between TyG index, CVAI, CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke risks, with Kaplan-Meier analysis used for cumulative hazard. Interaction effects were evaluated using both multiplicative and additive measures. Subgroup analyses by age, gender, and clinical conditions were conducted to explore interaction effects across different populations. Sensitivity analyses re-tested models, excluding the covariates BMI and diabetes, using tertiles for classification, and re-evaluating imputed data.ResultsOver the 9-year follow-up, 1,240 participants (14.8%) developed CVD, including 896 cases of CHD and 475 strokes. Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that participants with low TyG index but high CVAI had the highest cumulative hazard of CVD. Cox regression showed that this group had the highest CVD risk (HR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.57-2.24), followed by those with both high TyG index and high CVAI (HR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.49-2.06). Interaction analysis revealed a negative interaction effect between high TyG and high CVAI on CVD and CHD risks, with no significant effect on stroke. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses further confirmed these findings, showing consistent results across demographic groups and under various analytical conditions.ConclusionThis study suggests that the interaction between IR (TyG index) and visceral fat accumulation (CVAI) plays a complex role in CVD risk, with a potential antagonistic effect observed between high TyG and high CVAI on CVD events. These findings highlight the importance of considering both IR and visceral adiposity in CVD risk assessments to improve the identification of high-risk individuals.
| S-EPMC11603997 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a newly-derived measure of visceral adiposity with well-validated predictive power for cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in the general population. However, this predictability has not been investigated in hemodialysis patients, and whether VAI is superior to waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in predicting CV outcomes and survival in hemodialysis patients remains unknown.MethodsWe performed a prospective study including 464 prevalent hemodialysis patients. The composite outcome was the occurrence of death and CV events during follow-up. Using multivariate Cox regression analysis, VAI, WC and WHtR were tested for the predictive power of outcomes. To evaluate the predictive performance of the VAI, WC and WHtR, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed.ResultsVAI, WC and WHtR positively correlated with each other. Patients with a higher VAI (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1, adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12-2.42; tertile 2 vs. tertile 1, adjusted HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.1-2.18) had more composite outcomes. VAI had a similar predictive power of all-cause mortality to WC and WHtR, but superior predictive power of composite and CV outcomes to WC when analyzed by a stepwise forward likelihood ratio test. In time-dependent ROC analysis, VAI, WC and WHtR showed similar predictive performance for outcomes.ConclusionVAI is an optimal method to measure visceral adiposity to assess long-term CV outcomes and all-cause mortality in prevalent hemodialysis patients. VAI may provide a superior predictive power of CV outcomes to WC and WHtR.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01457625.
| S-EPMC4189758 | biostudies-literature