Performance-environment mutual flow model using big data on baseball pitchers data
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ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens (human)
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PROVIDER: S-BSST825 | biostudies-other |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Purpose To evaluate and describe the differences in characteristics between the Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers with greater workload and career longevity in terms of innings pitched (IP) and performance-matched controls who have not experienced similar length careers. Methods Using publicly available data, we identified the top 100 MLB pitchers in terms of career IP. Controls were matched to the top 100 pitchers by draft year and round. Pitchers with fewer than 400 IP were excluded. Demographic information, performance statistics, and injury history were reviewed. Logistic regression analysis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare data. Results Compared with controls, the top 100 pitchers in terms of IP were drafted at a younger age (19.35 vs 19.83, P < .001) and in later rounds (6.16 vs 2.45, P < .001). They made their MLB debut at a younger age (21.77 vs 23.12, P < .001). They also pitched fewer innings before debut (470.59 vs 632.07, P = .007), were older at their first (30.72 vs 27.50 years, P < .001) and second (32.42 vs 29.43 years, P < .001) designations to the injured list (IL), and had a significantly longer time from debut to first (3063.50 vs 1565.59 days, P < .001) and second (3712.10 vs 2202.03 days, P < .001) IL trips. The top 100 pitchers were 7.45 times less likely to have made a trip to the IL within 8 seasons from their debut and were 4.04 times more likely to be younger than 24 years at their major league debut. Conclusions Pitchers with the greatest number of IP in their MLB careers were significantly younger when drafted and when they made their major league debut, although this age difference is likely clinically insignificant. Pitchers who were drafted or debuted at a later age accumulate more pre-debut innings and this may contribute to fewer total IP in the MLB. Similarly, later trips to the injured list and longer duration from debut to first or second trip to the IL, but not total IL trips, are predictive of longer careers compared to age and draft class matched controls. Level of Evidence III, retrospective cohort study.
| S-EPMC9210370 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundWeighted-ball throwing programs are commonly used in training baseball pitchers to increase ball velocity. The purpose of this study was to compare kinematics and kinetics among weighted-ball exercises with values from standard pitching (ie, pitching standard 5-oz baseballs from a mound).HypothesisBall and arm velocities would be greater with lighter balls and joint kinetics would be greater with heavier balls.Study designControlled laboratory study.MethodsTwenty-five high school and collegiate baseball pitchers experienced with weighted-ball throwing were tested with an automated motion capture system. Each participant performed 3 trials of 10 different exercises: pitching 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-oz baseballs from a mound; flat-ground crow hop throws with 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-oz baseballs; and flat-ground hold exercises with 14- and 32-oz balls. Twenty-six biomechanical parameters were computed for each trial. Data among the 10 exercises were compared with repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc paired t tests against the standard pitching data.ResultsBall velocity increased as ball mass decreased. There were no differences in arm and trunk velocities between throwing a standard baseball and an underweight baseball (4 oz), while arm and trunk velocities steadily decreased as ball weight increased from 5 to 32 oz. Compared with values pitching from a mound, velocities of the pelvis, shoulder, and ball were increased for flat-ground throws. In general, as ball mass increased arm torques and forces decreased; the exception was elbow flexion torque, which was significantly greater for the flat-ground holds. There were significant differences in body positions when pitching on the mound, flat-ground throws, and holds.ConclusionsWhile ball velocity was greatest throwing underweight baseballs, results from the study did not support the rest of the hypothesis. Kinematics and kinetics were similar between underweight and standard baseballs, while overweight balls correlated with decreased arm forces, torques, and velocities. Increased ball velocity and joint velocities were produced with crow hop throws, likely because of running forward while throwing.Clinical relevanceAs pitching slightly underweight and overweight baseballs produces variations in kinematics without increased arm kinetics, these exercises seem reasonable for training pitchers. As flat-ground throwing produces increased shoulder internal rotation velocity and elbow varus torque, these exercises may be beneficial but may also be stressful and risky. Flat-ground holds with heavy balls should not be viewed as enhancing pitching biomechanics, but rather as hybrid exercises between throwing and resistance training.
| S-EPMC5435148 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Stock correlation networks use stock price data to explore the relationship between different stocks listed in the stock market. Currently this relationship is dominantly measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient. However, financial data suggest that nonlinear relationships may exist in the stock prices of different shares. To address this issue, this work uses mutual information to characterize the nonlinear relationship between stocks. Using 280 stocks traded at the Shanghai Stocks Exchange in China during the period of 2014-2016, we first compare the effectiveness of the correlation coefficient and mutual information for measuring stock relationships. Based on these two measures, we then develop two stock networks using the Minimum Spanning Tree method and study the topological properties of these networks, including degree, path length and the power-law distribution. The relationship network based on mutual information has a better distribution of the degree and larger value of the power-law distribution than those using the correlation coefficient. Numerical results show that mutual information is a more effective approach than the correlation coefficient to measure the stock relationship in a stock market that may undergo large fluctuations of stock prices.
| S-EPMC5905993 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFatigue in baseball pitchers is a process linked to lowered physical and mental performance, injury, and changes in kinematics. Numerous studies have associated fatigue with overuse, high ball velocities, lack of rest time, poor mechanics, and degree of self-satisfaction. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to identify a theoretical framework for the relationship between outcomes and the manifestation of fatigue on baseball pitching. The synthesized data may identify areas requiring further research.MethodologyThis protocol was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42018114194). SPORTDiscus, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar were searched, using keywords such as fatigue in pitchers and changes in kinematics (e.g., pitching mechanics, valgus elbow torque), performance (e.g., pitch count, pitch type), and injury (e.g., pain, elbow, and shoulder soreness). Three reviewers independently screened the articles, selected relevant literature based on abstract eligibility, and assessed the methods described therein for final inclusion.ResultsA total of 31,860 articles were screened for eligibility and 25 articles were included for the review. The selected articles included epidemiological, longitudinal, experimental, conference papers, and crossover laboratory studies. Evidence extracted from the 25 studies demonstrates a relationship between fatigue in baseball pitching, and three overarching outcomes: changes in kinematics, a decrease in performance, and an increase in injury risk.ConclusionsFindings show that a co-dependence between changes in kinematics and a decrease in performance, which stems from central and peripheral fatigue, is a contributing factor of injury in baseball pitchers. A large percentage of baseball pitchers exhibit pain or soreness in either their elbow or shoulder, or both at some point in a season. Initially, kinematic changes occur that could maintain performance, but may increase joint and tissue loading. Performance decreased with elevated pitch counts and innings thrown, and pitching further into games or the season. Evidence was found to be consistent across all studies; however, more work is needed in the area of fatigue as an injury mechanism during pitching. With a proof of concept established, the prevention of negative outcomes associated with fatigue must be the focus of future research and performance should not be the only criteria.
| S-EPMC6673423 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAlthough risk adjustment remains a cornerstone for comparing outcomes across hospitals, optimal strategies continue to evolve in the presence of many confounders. We compared conventional regression-based model to approaches particularly suited to leveraging big data.Methods and resultsWe assessed hospital all-cause 30-day excess mortality risk among 8952 adults undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention between October 1, 2011, and September 30, 2012, in 24 Massachusetts hospitals using clinical registry data linked with billing data. We compared conventional logistic regression models with augmented inverse probability weighted estimators and targeted maximum likelihood estimators to generate more efficient and unbiased estimates of hospital effects. We also compared a clinically informed and a machine-learning approach to confounder selection, using elastic net penalized regression in the latter case. Hospital excess risk estimates range from -1.4% to 2.0% across methods and confounder sets. Some hospitals were consistently classified as low or as high excess mortality outliers; others changed classification depending on the method and confounder set used. Switching from the clinically selected list of 11 confounders to a full set of 225 confounders increased the estimation uncertainty by an average of 62% across methods as measured by confidence interval length. Agreement among methods ranged from fair, with a κ statistic of 0.39 (SE: 0.16), to perfect, with a κ of 1 (SE: 0.0).ConclusionsModern causal inference techniques should be more frequently adopted to leverage big data while minimizing bias in hospital performance assessments.
| S-EPMC5341139 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE OF REVIEW:The purposes of this review are to describe the epidemiology, treatment options, and clinical outcomes of revision medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in baseball pitchers. RECENT FINDINGS:Rates of revision UCL range from 1 to 15% and have slowly increased over the past several years. Revision UCL procedures are associated with higher complication rates, likely due to the distortion of innate anatomy after primary reconstruction. Techniques for reconstruction are largely influenced by the index surgery and integrity of the ulnar and humeral bone tunnels/sockets. Current literature reporting on the outcomes following revision UCL reconstruction is limited to case series and database studies. Mean time between primary reconstruction and revision surgery is approximately 5 years and return to play rates range from 47 to 85%. Outcomes following revision UCL reconstruction are relatively guarded compared with those of primary UCL reconstruction with the most studies reporting lower return to play rates, decreased workloads compared with pre-injury levels of play, and shorter career longevity following revision surgery. Future research regarding optimal reconstruction techniques and post-operative rehabilitation are needed as the incidence and demand for this procedure is expected to increase.
| S-EPMC7251017 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesThe coordination of glenohumeral (GH) and scapular movements is central to the injury prevention of baseball pitchers. However, there is no objective data establishing the direct relationship between pitching injuries and associated GH and scapular movements. Therefore, this study demonstrated the biomechanical differences in the scapular and GH movements during pitching between injury-prone pitchers and healthy college baseball pitchers.MethodsA total of 30 collegiate baseball pitchers were classified into two groups according to their injury status: injury-prone group (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). We obtained pitching motion data using three-dimensional motion analysis technique.ResultsThe horizontal abduction angles of the GH joint during cocking and acceleration phases were considerably greater in the injury-prone pitchers (19.0° at stride foot contact [SFC], -4.0° at maximum external rotation [MER], and -0.3° at ball release) than those in healthy controls (11.7° at SFC, -10.0° at MER, and -6.9° at ball release). Additionally, in the cocking phase, the amount of angular change in the scapular external rotation (ER) was significantly smaller in the injury-prone group than that in the control group (mean difference, -13.0).ConclusionThese results suggest that the injury-prone pitchers have less internal rotation of the scapula and a more horizontal abduction of the GH joint during the cocking and acceleration phases. Therefore, sports medicine practitioners may need to pay considerable attention to the coordination of scapular and GH horizontal movements during pitching for prevention of shoulder injuries.
| S-EPMC10730127 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Calculation of structural features of proteins, nucleic acids, and nucleic acid-protein complexes on the basis of their geometries and studying various interactions within these macromolecules, for which high-resolution structures are stored in Protein Data Bank (PDB), require parsing and extraction of suitable data stored in text files. To perform these operations on large scale in the face of the growing amount of macromolecular data in public repositories, we propose to perform them in the distributed environment of Azure Data Lake and scale the calculations on the Cloud. In this paper, we present dedicated data extractors for PDB files that can be used in various types of calculations performed over protein and nucleic acids structures in the Azure Data Lake. Results of our tests show that the Cloud storage space occupied by the macromolecular data can be successfully reduced by using compression of PDB files without significant loss of data processing efficiency. Moreover, our experiments show that the performed calculations can be significantly accelerated when using large sequential files for storing macromolecular data and by parallelizing the calculations and data extractions that precede them. Finally, the paper shows how all the calculations can be performed in a declarative way in U-SQL scripts for Data Lake Analytics.
| S-EPMC6337464 | biostudies-other
Project description:Arm injuries in throwing athletes continue to increase. Injuries may be due to multiple variables, including inefficient body movement patterns, especially in young baseball throwers. It is unclear whether these patterns can be efficiently altered in this population.To investigate the effect of a novel 21-day throwing program on body movement patterns in youth baseball players using common practical tools. Our hypothesis was that this program would change body movement patterns over a relatively short period.Descriptive laboratory study.Ten 9-year-old baseball athletes were asked to participate in a 21-consecutive day throwing program focused on decreasing inefficiencies. All participants underwent video evaluation from 2 vantage points as well as radar evaluation before and after the programs. Throwing arm humerothoracic and antecubital angles as well as pelvic angles in the frontal view were measured at the time of front (directional) leg heel/toe down (late cocking) for each of 3 pitches. Glove-side humerothoracic angles and back leg minimum popliteal angles were measured from behind for each of 3 additional pitches. Velocity was measured using a radar gun. All angular measurements were performed by a physical therapist blinded to the purposes of the program and study as well as to video chronology.Throwing arm antecubital angle (P = .01) and humerothoracic angle (P = .03) as well as back leg minimum popliteal angle (P = .03) all decreased, with mean decreases of 35°, 10°, and 8°, respectively. Velocity increased with decreased back leg popliteal angles (P = .019); mean velocity increased 2.6 mph (P = .016).Young baseball throwers can quickly retrain their bodies to accomplish different movement patterns.This novel throwing program may have implications for injury prevention and treatment as we identify better baseball-throwing movement patterns.
| S-EPMC5495506 | biostudies-other
Project description:Shoulder range of motion and pitch count in baseball pitchers have been linked to pitching-related upper extremity injury.To investigate upper extremity range of motion and pitching profiles in baseball pitchers in Japan as well as to make a comparison between injured and noninjured pitchers.Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Forty-one Little League to college-level baseball pitchers were measured for bilateral shoulder and elbow range of motion, including shoulder internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), shoulder horizontal adduction (HAD), and elbow extension (EXT). They were also asked to answer a simple questionnaire regarding their past pitching-related medical history and pitching profile. Additionally, 28 participants with baseball-related upper extremity injuries (injury group) were compared with 13 participants without injury (no-injury group) for the same parameters. Collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance.Significant limb differences (dominant vs nondominant side) were noted for ER (117.2° vs 109.8°, P = .02), IR (53.5° vs 61.9°, P = .007), HAD (28.3° vs 32.8°, P = .03), and EXT (1.0° vs 4.6°, P = .01). A significant between-group difference (injury vs no-injury group) was observed for IR in both the dominant (55.4° vs 45.6°, P = .03) and nondominant shoulder (65.3° vs 55.0°, P = .01). Participants in the injury group pitched more games in a season and more innings per game started.Japanese baseball pitchers displayed adaptive changes in upper extremity range of motion similar to American pitchers when compared bilaterally. Injured pitchers exhibited greater IR range of motion in their pitching arm compared with noninjured pitchers.
| S-EPMC5521341 | biostudies-other