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Transcription factor activator protein 2C (TFAP2C) regulates luminal differentiation in mammary development and carcinogenesis

ABSTRACT: Molecular subtypes of breast cancer are characterized by patterns of gene expression, which can be used to predict response to therapy and overall clinical outcome. The luminal breast cancer subtypes are defined by the expression of ER-alpha (ERa) and a set of ERa-associated genes. The transcription factor activator protein 2C (TFAP2C, AP-2C, AP-2g) transcription factor plays a critical role in regulating cell growth and differentiation during ectodermal development and has been implicated in the regulation of ERa and other luminal-associated genes in breast cancer. While TFAP2C has been established as a prognostic factor in human breast cancer, the role of TFAP2C in development of the luminal epithelial cells in the normal mammary gland and in breast cancer have remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate a critical role of TFAP2C in maintaining the luminal differentiation phenotype during normal mammary development and in luminal breast carcinoma cell lines. Total RNA from MCF7 cells with and without knockdown of TFAP2c. 3 biological replicates, with 2 technical replicates each, were performed for each sample type.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Bair Thomas

PROVIDER: S-ECPF-GEOD-44203 | biostudies-other |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Transcription factor activator protein 2C (TFAP2C) regulates luminal differentiation in mammary development and carcinogenesis

Project description:Molecular subtypes of breast cancer are characterized by patterns of gene expression, which can be used to predict response to therapy and overall clinical outcome. The luminal breast cancer subtypes are defined by the expression of ER-alpha (ERa) and a set of ERa-associated genes. The transcription factor activator protein 2C (TFAP2C, AP-2C, AP-2g) transcription factor plays a critical role in regulating cell growth and differentiation during ectodermal development and has been implicated in the regulation of ERa and other luminal-associated genes in breast cancer. While TFAP2C has been established as a prognostic factor in human breast cancer, the role of TFAP2C in development of the luminal epithelial cells in the normal mammary gland and in breast cancer have remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate a critical role of TFAP2C in maintaining the luminal differentiation phenotype during normal mammary development and in luminal breast carcinoma cell lines. Total RNA from MCF7 cells with and without knockdown of TFAP2c. 3 biological replicates, with 2 technical replicates each, were performed for each sample type.

2014-02-01 | E-GEOD-44203 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Transcription factor activator protein 2C (TFAP2C) regulates luminal differentiation in mammary development and carcinogenesis

2014-02-01 | GSE44203 | GEO

TFAP2C governs the luminal epithelial phenotype in mammary development and carcinogenesis.

Project description:Molecular subtypes of breast cancer are characterized by distinct patterns of gene expression that are predictive of outcome and response to therapy. The luminal breast cancer subtypes are defined by the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα)-associated genes, many of which are directly responsive to the transcription factor activator protein 2C (TFAP2C). TFAP2C participates in a gene regulatory network controlling cell growth and differentiation during ectodermal development and regulating ESR1/ERα and other luminal cell-associated genes in breast cancer. TFAP2C has been established as a prognostic factor in human breast cancer, however, its role in the establishment and maintenance of the luminal cell phenotype during carcinogenesis and mammary gland development have remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate a critical role for TFAP2C in maintaining the luminal phenotype in human breast cancer and in influencing the luminal cell phenotype during normal mammary development. Knockdown of TFAP2C in luminal breast carcinoma cells induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition with morphological and phenotypic changes characterized by a loss of luminal-associated gene expression and a concomitant gain of basal-associated gene expression. Conditional knockout of the mouse homolog of TFAP2C, Tcfap2c, in mouse mammary epithelium driven by MMTV-Cre promoted aberrant growth of the mammary tree leading to a reduction in the CD24(hi)/CD49f(mid) luminal cell population and concomitant gain of the CD24(mid)/CD49f(hi) basal cell population at maturity. Our results establish TFAP2C as a key transcriptional regulator for maintaining the luminal phenotype in human breast carcinoma. Furthermore, Tcfap2c influences development of the luminal cell type during mammary development. The data suggest that TFAP2C has an important role in regulated luminal-specific genes and may be a viable therapeutic target in breast cancer.

| S-EPMC4112181 | biostudies-literature

FoxM1 regulates mammary luminal cell fate.

Project description:Elevated expression of FoxM1 in breast cancer correlates with an undifferentiated tumor phenotype and a negative clinical outcome. However, a role for FoxM1 in regulating mammary differentiation was not known. Here, we identify another function of FoxM1, the ability to act as a transcriptional repressor, which plays an important role in regulating the differentiation of luminal epithelial progenitors. Regeneration of mammary glands with elevated levels of FoxM1 leads to aberrant ductal morphology and expansion of the luminal progenitor pool. Conversely, knockdown of FoxM1 results in a shift toward the differentiated state. FoxM1 mediates these effects by repressing the key regulator of luminal differentiation, GATA-3. Through association with DNMT3b, FoxM1 promotes methylation of the GATA-3 promoter in an Rb-dependent manner. This study identifies FoxM1 as a critical regulator of mammary differentiation with significant implications for the development of aggressive breast cancers.

| S-EPMC3401379 | biostudies-literature

Receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand signaling promotes progesterone-mediated estrogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis.

Project description:Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Prolonged exposure to the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone increases the risk of breast cancer. Although estrogen is known as a primary factor in mammary carcinogenesis, very few studies have investigated the role of progesterone. Receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) plays an important role in progesterone-induced mammary carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying RANKL-induced mammary carcinogenesis remains unknown. In our current study, we show that RANKL induces glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI-1) in estrogen-induced progesterone-mediated mammary carcinogenesis. In vivo experiments were carried out using ACI rats and in vitro experiments were carried out in MCF-7 cells. In ACI rats, mifepristone significantly reduced the incidence of mammary tumors. Likewise, mifepristone also inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Hormone treatments induced RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), and NF-κB in a protein kinase B-dependent manner and inhibited apoptosis by activation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in mammary tumors and MCF-7 cells. Mechanistic studies in MCF-7 cells reveal that RANKL induced upstream stimulatory factor-1 and NF-κB, resulting in subsequent activation of their downstream target GLI-1. We have identified that progesterone mediates estrogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis through activation of GLI-1 in a RANKL-dependent manner.

| S-EPMC4317778 | biostudies-literature

Core circadian clock transcription factor BMAL1 regulates mammary epithelial cell growth, differentiation, and milk component synthesis.

Project description:The role the mammary epithelial circadian clock plays in gland development and lactation is unknown. We hypothesized that mammary epithelial clocks function to regulate mammogenesis and lactogenesis, and propose the core clock transcription factor BMAL1:CLOCK regulates genes that control mammary epithelial development and milk synthesis. Our objective was to identify transcriptional targets of BMAL1 in undifferentiated (UNDIFF) and lactogen differentiated (DIFF) mammary epithelial cells (HC11) using ChIP-seq. Ensembl gene IDs with the nearest transcriptional start site to ChIP-seq peaks were explored as potential targets, and represented 846 protein coding genes common to UNDIFF and DIFF cells and 2773 unique to DIFF samples. Genes with overlapping peaks between samples (1343) enriched cell-cell adhesion, membrane transporters and lipid metabolism categories. To functionally verify targets, an HC11 line with Bmal1 gene knocked out (BMAL1-KO) using CRISPR-CAS was created. BMAL1-KO cultures had lower cell densities over an eight-day growth curve, which was associated with increased (p<0.05) levels of reactive oxygen species and lower expression of superoxide dismutase 3 (Sod3). RT-qPCR analysis also found lower expression of the putative targets, prolactin receptor (Prlr), Ppara, and beta-casein (Csn2). Findings support our hypothesis and highlight potential importance of clock in mammary development and substrate transport.

| S-EPMC8378744 | biostudies-literature

Transcription factor p73 regulates Th1 differentiation.

Project description:Inter-individual differences in T helper (Th) cell responses affect susceptibility to infectious, allergic and autoimmune diseases. To identify factors contributing to these response differences, here we analyze in vitro differentiated Th1 cells from 16 inbred mouse strains. Haplotype-based computational genetic analysis indicates that the p53 family protein, p73, affects Th1 differentiation. In cells differentiated under Th1 conditions in vitro, p73 negatively regulates IFNγ production. p73 binds within, or upstream of, and modulates the expression of Th1 differentiation-related genes such as Ifng and Il12rb2. Furthermore, in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalitis, p73-deficient mice have increased IFNγ production and less disease severity, whereas in an adoptive transfer model of inflammatory bowel disease, transfer of p73-deficient naïve CD4+ T cells increases Th1 responses and augments disease severity. Our results thus identify p73 as a negative regulator of the Th1 immune response, suggesting that p73 dysregulation may contribute to susceptibility to autoimmune disease.

| S-EPMC7081339 | biostudies-literature

Lgr4 regulates mammary gland development and stem cell activity through the pluripotency transcription factor Sox2.

Project description:The key signaling networks regulating mammary stem cells are poorly defined. The leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor (Lgr) family has been implicated in intestinal, gastric, and epidermal stem cell functions. We investigated whether Lgr4 functions in mammary gland development and mammary stem cells. We found that Lgr4(-/-) mice had delayed ductal development, fewer terminal end buds, and decreased side-branching. Crucially, the mammary stem cell repopulation capacity was severely impaired. Mammospheres from Lgr4(-/-) mice showed decreased Wnt signaling. Wnt3a treatment prevented the adverse effects of Lgr4 loss on organoid formation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that Sox2 expression was controlled by the Lgr4/Wnt/?-catenin/Lef1 pathway. Importantly, Sox2 overexpression restored the in vivo mammary regeneration potential of Lgr4(-/-) mammary stem cells. Therefore, Lgr4 activates Sox2 to regulate mammary development and stem cell functions via Wnt/?-catenin/Lef1.

| S-EPMC3934111 | biostudies-literature

The transcription factor Gfi1 regulates G-CSF signaling and neutrophil development through the Ras activator RasGRP1.

Project description:The transcription factor growth factor independence 1 (Gfi1) and the growth factor granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are individually essential for neutrophil differentiation from myeloid progenitors. Here, we provide evidence that the functions of Gfi1 and G-CSF are linked in the regulation of granulopoiesis. We report that Gfi1 promotes the expression of Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein 1 (RasGRP1), an exchange factor that activates Ras, and that RasGRP1 is required for G-CSF signaling through the Ras/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/Erk) pathway. Gfi1-null mice have reduced levels of RasGRP1 mRNA and protein in thymus, spleen, and bone marrow, and Gfi1 transduction in myeloid cells promotes RasGRP1 expression. When stimulated with G-CSF, Gfi1-null myeloid cells are selectively defective at activating Erk1/2, but not signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) or STAT3, and fail to differentiate into neutrophils. Expression of RasGRP1 in Gfi1-deficient cells rescues Erk1/2 activation by G-CSF and allows neutrophil maturation by G-CSF. These results uncover a previously unknown function of Gfi1 as a regulator of RasGRP1 and link Gfi1 transcriptional control to G-CSF signaling and regulation of granulopoiesis.

| S-EPMC2869559 | biostudies-literature

Transcription Factor CTIP1/ BCL11A Regulates Epidermal Differentiation and Lipid Metabolism During Skin Development.

Project description:The epidermal permeability barrier (EPB) prevents organisms from dehydration and infection. The transcriptional regulation of EPB development is poorly understood. We demonstrate here that transcription factor COUP-TF-interacting protein 1 (CTIP1/BCL11A; hereafter CTIP1) is highly expressed in the developing murine epidermis. Germline deletion of Ctip1 (Ctip1 -/-) results in EPB defects accompanied by compromised epidermal differentiation, drastic reduction in profilaggrin processing, reduced lamellar bodies in granular layers and significantly altered lipid composition. Transcriptional profiling of Ctip1 -/- embryonic skin identified altered expression of genes encoding lipid-metabolism enzymes, skin barrier-associated transcription factors and junctional proteins. CTIP1 was observed to interact with genomic elements within the regulatory region of the gene encoding the differentiation-associated gene, Fos-related antigen2 (Fosl2) and lipid-metabolism-related gene, Fatty acid elongase 4 (Elvol4), and the expression of both was altered in Ctip1 -/- mice. CTIP1 appears to play a role in EPB establishment of via direct or indirect regulation of a subset of genes encoding proteins involved in epidermal differentiation and lipid metabolism. These results identify potential, CTIP1-regulated avenues for treatment of skin disorders involving EBP defects.

| S-EPMC5647389 | biostudies-literature

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