Alkaline serine proteinase from Thermomonospora fusca YX. Stability to heat and denaturants.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kristjansson MM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1131676 | biostudies-other | 1990 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The proteinase secreted from Thermomonospora fusca YX grown on cellulose was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and cation-exchange chromatography. The isolated proteinase readily hydrolysed several proteins and demonstrated activity towards casein from 35 to 95 degrees C (at pH 8.0) with maximum activity at 80 degrees C. It exhibited broad pH and ionic-strength optima centered at pH 9.0 and 0.2 M-NaCl respectively, and it retained high activity in the presence of 2% (w/v) SDS, 20 mM-dithiothreitol and 1.0 M-NaCl. The proteinase, which was fully inhibited by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride, had an Mr of 14,500 and an isoelectric point at 9.21. A measurement of proteinase thermal stability demonstrated a T50% (15 min) of 85 degrees C at pH 4.5.
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Project description:TfxA is a thermostable xylanase produced by the thermophilic soil bacterium Thermomonospora fusca. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant of Streptomyces lividans transformed by plasmid pGG92, which carries the gene for TfxA, xynA. The molecular mass of TfxA by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 32 kDa. TfxA is extremely stable, retaining 96% of its activity after 18 h at 75 degrees C. It has a broad pH optimum around pH 7 and retains 80% of its maximum activity between pH 5 and 9. The native enzyme binds strongly to both cellulose and insoluble xylan even though it has no activity on cellulose. Treatment of TfxA with a T. fusca protease produced a 24-kDa catalytically active fragment that had the same N-terminal sequence as TfxA. The fragment does not bind to cellulose and binds weakly to xylan. The Vmax values for TfxA and the fragment are 600 and 540 mumol/min/mg, respectively, while the Kms are 1.1 and 2.3 mg of xylan per ml, respectively. The DNA sequence of the xynA gene was determined, and it contains an open reading frame that codes for a 42-amino-acid (42-aa) actinomycete signal peptide followed by the 32-kDa mature protein. There is a 21-aa Gly-Pro-rich region that separates the catalytic domain from an 86-aa C-terminal binding domain. The amino acid sequence of the catalytic domain of TfxA has from 40 to 72% identity with the sequence of 12 other xylanases from seven different organisms and belongs to family G.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Project description:Thermomonospora fusca E4 is an unusual 90.4-kDa endocellulase comprised of a catalytic domain (CD), an internal family IIIc cellulose binding domain (CBD), a fibronectinlike domain, and a family II CBD. Constructs containing the CD alone (E4-51), the CD plus the family IIIc CBD (E4-68), and the CD plus the fibronectinlike domain plus the family II CBD (E4-74) were made by using recombinant DNA techniques. The activities of each purified protein on bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC), filter paper, swollen cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose were measured. Only the whole enzyme, E4-90, could reach the target digestion of 4.5% on filter paper. Removal of the internal family IIIc CBD (E4-51 and E4-74) decreased activity markedly on every substrate. E4-74 did bind to BMCC but had almost no hydrolytic activity, while E4-68 retained 32% of the activity on BMCC even though it did not bind. A low-activity mutant of one of the catalytic bases, E4-68 (Asp55Cys), did bind to BMCC, although E4-51 (Asp55Cys) did not. The ratios of soluble to insoluble reducing sugar produced after filter paper hydrolysis by E4-90, E4-68, E4-74, and E4-51 were 6.9, 3.5, 1.3, and 0.6, respectively, indicating that the family IIIc CBD is important for E4 processivity.
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Project description:The major Thermomonospora fusca YX extracellular protease gene (tfpA) was cloned into Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans and was sequenced. The open reading frame encoded 375 residues, including a 31-residue potential signal sequence, an N-terminal prosequence containing 150 residues, and the 194-residue mature protease that belongs to the chymotrypsin family. The protease was secreted by S. lividans, but evidence suggested that it was bound to an extracellular protease inhibitor. An inhibitor-deficient mutant was selected to produce protease for purification.
| S-EPMC168250 | biostudies-other
Project description:The aim of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics and functions of a Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase (TsSerp) during larval invasion and development in the host. The full-length TsSerp cDNA sequence was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The results of RT-PCR, IFA and western blotting analyses showed that TsSerp was a secretory protein that was highly expressed at the T. spiralis intestinal infective larva and muscle larva stages and primarily located at the cuticle, stichosome and intrauterine embryos of the parasite. rTsSerp promoted the larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the enteric mucosa, whereas an anti-rTsSerp antibody impeded larval invasion; the promotion and obstruction roles were dose-dependently related to rTsSerp and the anti-rTsSerp antibodies, respectively. Vaccination of mice with rTsSerp elicited a remarkable humoral immune response (high levels of serum IgG, IgG1/IgG2a, IgE and IgM), and it also triggered both systemic (spleen) and local intestinal mucosal mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cellular immune responses, as demonstrated by a significant elevation in Th1 cytokines (IFN-?) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4) after the spleen and MLN cells from vaccinated mice were stimulated with rTsSerp. Anti-TsSerp antibodies participated in the killing and destruction of newborn larvae via ADCC. The mice vaccinated with rTsSerp exhibited a 48.7% reduction in intestinal adult worms and a 52.5% reduction in muscle larvae. These results indicated that TsSerp participates in T. spiralis invasion and development in the host and might be considered a potential candidate target antigen to develop oral polyvalent preventive vaccines against Trichinella infection.
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Project description:Implantation S1 family serine proteinases (ISPs) are tryptases involved in embryo hatching and uterine implantation in the mouse. The two different ISP proteins (ISP1 and ISP2) have been detected in both pre- and post-implantation embryo tissue. To date, native ISP obtained from uterus and blastocyst tissues has been isolated only as an active hetero-dimer that exhibits trypsin-like substrate specificity. We hypothesised that in isolation, ISP1 might have a unique substrate specificity that could relate to its role when expressed alone in individual tissues. Thus, we isolated recombinant ISP1 expressed in Pichia pastoris and evaluated its substrate specificity. Using several chromogenic substrates and serine proteinase inhibitors, we demonstrate that ISP1 exhibits trypsin-like substrate specificity, having a preference for lysine over arginine at the P1 position. Phage display peptide mimetics revealed an expanded but mixed substrate specificity of ISP1, including chymotryptic and elastase activity. Based upon targets observed using phage display, we hypothesised that ISP1 might signal to cells by cleaving and activating proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) and therefore assessed PARs 1, 2 and 4 as potential ISP1 targets. We observed that ISP1 silenced enzyme-triggered PAR signaling by receptor-disarming. This PAR-disarming action of ISP1 may be important for embryo development and implantation.
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Project description:Members of the genus Acanthamoeba, amphizoic protozoan parasites, are causative agents of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and amoebic keratitis. Proteinases play a role in various biologic actions in Acanthamoeba, including host tissue destruction, pathogenesis, and digestion of phagocytosed food. Interestingly, we found that encystation of Acanthamoeba was inhibited by the serine proteinase inhibitor phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. In this study, we characterize a serine proteinase that is involved in mediating the encystation of Acanthamoeba. This encystation-mediating serine proteinase (EMSP) is shown to be highly expressed during encystation by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Chemically synthesized small interfering RNA against EMSP inhibited the expression of EMSP mRNA and significantly reduced the encystation efficiency of Acanthamoeba. An EMSP-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein localized to vesicle-like structures within the amoeba. Using LysoTracker analysis, these vesicular structures were confirmed to be lysosomes. After incubation of the transfected amoeba in encystment media, small fluorescent vesicle-like structures gathered and formed ball-like structures, which were identified as colocalizing with the autophagosome. Taken together, these results indicate that EMSP plays an important role in the differentiation of Acanthamoeba by promoting autolysis.
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Project description:Two genes encoding cellulases E1 and E4 from Thermomonospora fusca have been cloned in Escherichia coli, and their DNA sequences have been determined. Both genes were introduced into Streptomyces lividans, and the enzymes were purified from the culture supernatants of transformants. E1 and E4 were expressed 18- and 4-fold higher, respectively, in S. lividans than in E. coli. Thin-layer chromatography of digestion products showed that E1 digests cellotriose, cellotetraose, and cellopentaose to cellobiose and a trace of glucose. E4 is poor at degrading cellotriose and cleaves cellopentaose to cellotetraose and glucose or cellotriose and cellobiose. It readily cleaves cellotetraose to cellobiose. E1 shows 59% identity to Cellulomonas fumi CenC in a 689-amino-acid overlap, and E4 shows 80% identity to the N terminus of C. fimi CenB in a 441-amino-acid overlap; all of these proteins are members of cellulase family E. Alignment of the amino acid sequences of Clostridium thermocellum celD, E1, E4, and four other members of family E demonstrates a clear relationship between their catalytic domains, although there is as little as 25% identity between some of them. Residues in celD that have been identified by site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification to be important for catalytic activity are conserved in all seven proteins. The catalytic domains of E1 and E4 are not similar to those of T. fusca E2 or E5, but all four enzymes share similar cellulose-binding domains and have the same 14-bp inverted repeat upstream of their initiation codons. This sequence has been identified previously as the binding site for a protein that regulates induction.
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Project description:Although mast cells play a critical role in allergic reactions, the cells are also involved in the protective immunity in the body. This study aims to investigate the role of mast cells in immune regulation during aberrant T helper (Th)2 responses. In this study, an adoptive antigen-specific Th2 response model was established with mast cell-deficient mice to test the role of mast cell in the immune regulation. Cell culture was employed to test the role of mast cells in the modulation of the expression of B cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) in Th2 cells. The results showed that after adoptive transfer with immune cells, the mast cell-deficient mice showed stronger Th2 pattern responses in the intestine than that in the mast cell-sufficient mice. Mast cell-derived mouse mast cell protease-6 increased the expression of Bcl-6 in Th2 cells. Bcl-6 inhibited the expression of GATA-3 in Th2 cells, subsequently, forkhead box P3 was increased and the Th2 cytokines were reduced in the cells; the cells thus showed the immune regulatory properties similar to regulatory T cells. We conclude that bedsides initiating immune inflammation, mast cells also contribute to the immune regulation on Th2 polarization.
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Project description:We previously identified a locus on human chromosome 20 that encompasses 14 genes of postulated WFDC-type proteinase inhibitors with a potential role in innate immunity. In an extended study, homologous loci are here described on mouse chromosome 2, rat chromosome 3, and dog chromosome 24. As in humans, the murine and canine loci are divided into two sub-loci separated by 0.2Mb. The majority of genes are conserved in all species, but there are also species-specific gains and losses of genes, e.g., several duplications have yielded four SLPI genes in the rat and, most surprisingly, there is no murine elafin gene. Two human pseudogenes were identified due to the discovery of functional rodent genes. The conservation of different WFDC domains varies considerably, and it is hypothesized that this reflects a dual role of WFDC inhibitors in natural immunity, which is directed both against microbes and proinflammatory cells.
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