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Direct stimulation by tyrosine phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) kinase activity by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human neutrophils.

ABSTRACT: Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils exhibit a low level of the microtubule-associated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. This enzymic activity is enhanced up to 3-fold upon cell stimulation with the human haematopoietic hormone granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This is demonstrated both in whole-cell lysates and in DEAE-anion-exchange semi-purified fractions prepared from GM-CSF-stimulated neutrophils, by assaying the kinase activity against either myelin basic protein or a phosphoacceptor peptide that bears the specific phosphorylation site of the MAPK natural substrate. Similarly, phosphorylation of MAPK in tyrosine residues, as found in immunoblots using anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies, follows similar time- and dose-response curves as the kinase activation. Pretreatment of the cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein abrogates the above-mentioned effect, whereas the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid enhances both the basal and the GM-CSF-stimulated kinase activities. Likewise, MAPK tyrosine phosphorylation is diminished in genistein-treated neutrophils, and enhanced in okadaic acid-treated cells. We conclude that MAPK activity is present in human neutrophils, and that it is stimulated by GM-CSF. This stimulation of the activity is most likely due to the phosphorylation of MAPK in tyrosine residues triggered upon binding of GM-CSF to its receptors.

SUBMITTER: Gomez-Cambronero J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1132504 | biostudies-other | 1993 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Tofacitinib inhibits granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human neutrophils.

Project description:BackgroundGranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has emerged as a crucial cytokine that activates myeloid cells to initiate tissue inflammation. However, the molecular actions of GM-CSF against innate immunity are still poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the in vitro effects of GM-CSF on the activation of human myeloid lineages, neutrophils, and the underlying intracellular signaling mechanism, including inflammasome activation.MethodsHuman neutrophils were stimulated with GM-CSF in the presence or absence of tofacitinib. The cellular supernatants were analyzed for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1?) and caspase-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Pro-IL-1? mRNA expressions in human neutrophils were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein phosphorylation of neutrophils was assessed by Western blot using phospho-specific antibodies.ResultsStimulation with GM-CSF alone, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, was shown to increase the release of IL-1? and cleaved caspase-1 (p20) from human neutrophils. Tofacitinib, which inhibits GM-CSF-induced Janus kinase 2 (Jak2)-mediated signal transduction, completely abrogated GM-CSF-induced IL-1? and caspase-1 (p20) secretion from neutrophils. GM-CSF stimulation also induced pro-IL-1? mRNA expression in neutrophils and induced NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) protein expression. Although tofacitinib pretreatment marginally inhibited GM-CSF-induced pro-IL-1? mRNA expression, tofacitinib completely abrogated NLRP3 protein expression in neutrophils.ConclusionsThese results indicate that GM-CSF signaling induces NLRP3 expression and subsequent IL-1? production by affecting neutrophils, which may cause the activation of innate immunity. Therefore, GM-CSF is a key regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1? production by activating innate immune cells. This process can be blocked by tofacitinib, which interferes with JAK/STAT signaling pathways.

| S-EPMC6116484 | biostudies-literature

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor neuroprotective activities in Alzheimer's disease mice.

Project description:We investigated the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on behavioral and pathological outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-transgenic mice. GM-CSF treatment in AD mice reduced brain amyloidosis, increased plasma A?, and rescued cognitive impairment with increased hippocampal expression of calbindin and synaptophysin and increased levels of doublecortin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. These data extend GM-CSF pleiotropic neuroprotection mechanisms in AD and include regulatory T cell-mediated immunomodulation of microglial function, A? clearance, maintenance of synaptic integrity, and induction of neurogenesis. Together these data support further development of GM-CSF as a neuroprotective agent for AD.

| S-EPMC5916331 | biostudies-literature

Transcriptional mechanisms underlying sensitization of peripheral sensory neurons by granulocyte-/granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors.

Project description:BackgroundCancer-associated pain is a major cause of poor quality of life in cancer patients and is frequently resistant to conventional therapy. Recent studies indicate that some hematopoietic growth factors, namely granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), are abundantly released in the tumor microenvironment and play a key role in regulating tumor-nerve interactions and tumor-associated pain by activating receptors on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Moreover, these hematopoietic factors have been highly implicated in postsurgical pain, inflammatory pain and osteoarthritic pain. However, the molecular mechanisms via which G-/GMCSF bring about nociceptive sensitization and elicit pain are not known.ResultsIn order to elucidate G-/GMCSF mediated transcriptional changes in the sensory neurons, we performed a comprehensive, genome-wide analysis of changes in the transcriptome of DRG neurons brought about by exposure to GMCSF or GCSF. We present complete information on regulated genes and validated profiling analyses and report novel regulatory networks and interaction maps revealed by detailed bioinformatics analyses. Amongst these, we validate calpain 2, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and a RhoGTPase Rac1 as well as Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF?) as transcriptional targets of G-/GMCSF and demonstrate the importance of MMP9 and Rac1 in GMCSF-induced nociceptor sensitization.ConclusionWith integrative approach of bioinformatics, in vivo pharmacology and behavioral analyses, our results not only indicate that transcriptional control by G-/GMCSF signaling regulates a variety of established pain modulators, but also uncover a large number of novel targets, paving the way for translational analyses in the context of pain disorders.

| S-EPMC3852053 | biostudies-literature

Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor causes a paradoxical increase in the BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein Bim in human neutrophils.

Project description:Neutrophil apoptosis is essential for the resolution of inflammation but is delayed by several inflammatory mediators. In such terminally differentiated cells it has been uncertain whether these agents can inhibit apoptosis through transcriptional regulation of anti-death (Bcl-X(L), Mcl-1, Bcl2A1) or BH3-only (Bim, Bid, Puma) Bcl2-family proteins. We report that granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-? prevent the normal time-dependent loss of Mcl-1 and Bcl2A1 in neutrophils, and we demonstrate that they cause an NF-?B-dependent increase in Bcl-X(L) transcription/translation. We show that GM-CSF and TNF-? increase and/or maintain mRNA levels for the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bid and that GM-CSF has a similar NF-?B-dependent effect on Bim transcription and BimEL expression. The in-vivo relevance of these findings was indicated by demonstrating that GM-CSF is the dominant neutrophil survival factor in lung lavage from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, confirming an increase in lung neutrophil Bim mRNA. Finally GM-CSF caused mitochondrial location of Bim and a switch in phenotype to a cell that displays accelerated caspase-9-dependent apoptosis. This study demonstrates the capacity of neutrophil survival agents to induce a paradoxical increase in the pro-apoptotic proteins Bid and Bim and suggests that this may function to facilitate rapid apoptosis at the termination of the inflammatory cycle.

| S-EPMC4373550 | biostudies-literature

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates dendritic cell content of atherosclerotic lesions.

Project description:Recent evidence suggests that dendritic cells may play an important role in atherosclerosis. Based primarily on previous in vitro studies, we hypothesized that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-deficient mice would have decreased dendritic cells in lesions.To test this, we characterized gene targeted GM-CSF(-/-) mice crossed to hypercholesterolemic low-density lipoprotein receptor null mice. Our results provide conclusive evidence that GM-CSF is a major regulator of dendritic cell formation in vivo. Aortic lesion sections in GM-CSF(-/-) low-density lipoprotein receptor null animals showed a dramatic 60% decrease in the content of dendritic cells as judged by CD11c staining but no change in the overall content of monocyte-derived cells. The GM-CSF-deficient mice exhibited a significant 20% to 50% decrease in the size of aortic lesions, depending on the location of the lesions. Other prominent changes in GM-CSF(-/-) mice were decreased lesional T cell content, decreased autoantibodies to oxidized lipids, and striking disruptions of the elastin fibers adjacent to the lesion.Given that GM-CSF is dramatically induced by oxidized lipids in endothelial cells, our data suggest that GM-CSF serves to regulate dendritic cell formation in lesions and that this, in turn, influences inflammation, plaque growth and possibly plaque stability.

| S-EPMC3014056 | biostudies-literature

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor autoantibodies: a marker of aggressive Crohn's disease.

Project description:Neutralizing autoantibodies (Abs) against granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF Ab) have been associated with stricturing ileal Crohn's disease (CD) in a largely pediatric patient cohort (total 394, adult CD 57). The aim of this study was to examine this association in 2 independent predominantly adult inflammatory bowel disease patient cohorts.Serum samples from 742 subjects from the NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium and 736 subjects from Australia were analyzed for GM-CSF Ab and genetic markers. We conducted multiple regression analysis with backward elimination to assess the contribution of GM-CSF Ab levels and established CD risk alleles and smoking on ileal disease location in the 477 combined CD subjects from both cohorts. We also determined associations of GM-CSF Ab levels with complications requiring surgical intervention in combined CD subjects in both cohorts.Serum samples from patients with CD expressed significantly higher concentrations of GM-CSF Ab when compared with ulcerative colitis or controls in each cohort. Nonsmokers with ileal CD expressed significantly higher GM-CSF Ab concentrations in the Australian cohort (P = 0.002). Elevated GM-CSF Ab, ileal disease location, and disease duration more than 3 years were independently associated with stricturing/penetrating behavior and intestinal resection for CD.The expression of high GM-CSF Ab is a risk marker for aggressive CD behavior and complications including surgery. Modifying factors include environmental exposure to smoking and genetic risk markers.

| S-EPMC3707315 | biostudies-literature

Transgenic mice showing inflammation-inducible overexpression of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Project description:We used the promoter of the human C-reactive protein (CRP) gene to drive inflammation-inducible overexpression of the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in transgenic mice. Transgenic mice carrying a CRP/GM-CSF fusion gene show a >150-fold increases in circulating levels of GM-CSF within 6 h of intraperitoneal inoculation with 25 microg of lipopolysaccharide. However, some of the transgenic mice also display relatively high basal levels of GM-CSF in the absence of any obvious inflammatory stimulus. Raised basal levels of GM-CSF are associated with a number of pathological changes, including enlarged and histologically abnormal livers and spleens and with increases in the number and activation state of macrophages and granulocytes in the peripheral blood. Despite problems associated with the expression of such a potent pleiotropic cytokine as GM-CSF, the principle of inflammation-inducible expression of chimeric constructs has been shown to be feasible. Inducible expression systems such as that described here could be of potential use in the study of the role of cytokines in health and disease and in the development of disease-resistant strains of livestock.

| S-EPMC404575 | biostudies-literature

Inhaled granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor as therapy for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

Project description:RationaleInhaled granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a promising therapy for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) but has not been adequately studied.ObjectivesTo evaluate safety and efficacy of inhaled GM-CSF in patients with unremitting or progressive PAP.MethodsWe conducted a national, multicenter, self-controlled, phase II trial at nine pulmonary centers throughout Japan. Patients who had lung biopsy or cytology findings diagnostic of PAP, an elevated serum GM-CSF antibody level, and a Pa(O(2)) of less than 75 mm Hg entered a 12-week observation period. Those who improved (i.e., alveolar-arterial oxygen difference [A-aDO(2)] decreased by 10 mm Hg) during observation were excluded. The rest entered sequential periods of high-dose therapy (250 microg Days 1-8, none Days 9-14; x six cycles; 12 wk); low-dose therapy (125 microg Days 1-4, none Days 5-14; x six cycles; 12 wk), and follow-up (52 wk).Measurements and main resultsFifty patients with PAP were enrolled in the study. During observation, nine improved and two withdrew; all of these were excluded. Of 35 patients completing the high- and low-dose therapy, 24 improved, resulting in an overall response rate of 62% (24/39; intention-to-treat analysis) and reduction in A-aDO(2) of 12.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 8.4-16.2; n = 35, P < 0.001). No serious adverse events occurred, and serum GM-CSF autoantibody levels were unchanged. A treatment-emergent correlation occurred between A-aDO(2) and diffusing capacity of the lung, and high-resolution CT revealed improvement of ground-glass opacity. Twenty-nine of 35 patients remained stable without further therapy for 1 year.ConclusionsInhaled GM-CSF therapy is safe, effective, and provides a sustained therapeutic effect in autoimmune PAP. Clinical trial registered with www.controlled-trials.com/isrctn (ISRCTN18931678), www.jmacct.med.or.jp/english (JMA-IIA00013).

| S-EPMC2894410 | biostudies-literature

TNF and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor interdependence mediates inflammation via CCL17.

Project description:TNF and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have proinflammatory activity and both contribute, for example, to rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. We previously identified a new GM-CSF→JMJD3 demethylase→interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4)→CCL17 pathway that is active in monocytes/macrophages in vitro and important for inflammatory pain, as well as for arthritic pain and disease. Here we provide evidence for a nexus between TNF and this pathway, and for TNF and GM-CSF interdependency. We report that the initiation of zymosan-induced inflammatory pain and zymosan-induced arthritic pain and disease are TNF dependent. Once arthritic pain and disease are established, blockade of GM-CSF or CCL17, but not of TNF, is still able to ameliorate them. TNF is required for GM-CSF-driven inflammatory pain and for initiation of GM-CSF-driven arthritic pain and disease, but not once they are established. TNF-driven inflammatory pain and TNF-driven arthritic pain and disease are dependent on GM-CSF and mechanistically require the same downstream pathway involving GM-CSF→CCL17 formation via JMJD3-regulated IRF4 production, indicating that GM-CSF and CCL17 can mediate some of the proinflammatory and algesic actions of TNF. Given we found that TNF appears important only early in arthritic pain and disease progression, targeting a downstream mediator, such as CCL17, which appears to act throughout the course of disease, could be effective at ameliorating chronic inflammatory conditions where TNF is implicated.

| S-EPMC5926922 | biostudies-literature

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor as a Therapeutic Target in Multiple Sclerosis.

Project description:Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most frequent cause of non-traumatic disability in adults in the Western world. Currently, several drugs have been approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. While the newer drugs are more effective, they have less favourable safety profiles. Thus, there is a need to identify new targets for effective and safe therapies, particularly in patients with progressive disease for whom no treatments are available. One such target is granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or its receptor. In this article we review data on the potential role of GM-CSF and GM-CSF inhibition in MS. We discuss the expression and function of GM-CSF and its receptor in the CNS, as well as data from animal studies and clinical trials in MS.

| S-EPMC6534644 | biostudies-literature

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