Role of carbohydrate moieties in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) peroxidases.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hu CF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1133399 | biostudies-other | 1989 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Smut disease caused by the fungal pathogen Thecaphora frezii Carranza & Lindquist is threatening the peanut production in Argentina. Fungicides commonly used in the peanut crop have shown little or no effect controlling the disease, making it a priority to obtain peanut varieties resistant to smut. In this study, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed from three crosses between three susceptible peanut elite cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea) and two resistant landraces (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata Waldron). Parents and RILs were evaluated under high inoculum pressure (12000 teliospores g-1 of soil) over three years. Disease resistance parameters showed a broad range of variation with incidence mean values ranging from 1.0 to 35.0% and disease severity index ranging from 0.01 to 0.30. Average heritability (h2) estimates of 0.61 to 0.73 indicated that resistance in the RILs was heritable, with several lines (4 to 7 from each cross) showing a high degree of resistance and stability over three years. Evidence of genetic transfer between genetically distinguishable germplasm (introgression in a broad sense) was further supported by simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) and Insertion/Deletion (InDel) marker genotyping. This is the first report of smut genetic resistance identified in peanut landraces and its introgression into elite peanut cultivars.
| S-EPMC6368304 | biostudies-other
Project description:Many plant ESTs have been sequenced as an alternative to whole genome sequences, including peanut because of the genome size and complexity. The US peanut research community had the historic 2004 Atlanta Genomics Workshop and named the EST project as a main priority. As of August 2011, the peanut research community had deposited 252,832 ESTs in the public NCBI EST database, and this resource has been providing the community valuable tools and core foundations for various genome-scale experiments before the whole genome sequencing project. These EST resources have been used for marker development, gene cloning, microarray gene expression and genetic map construction. Certainly, the peanut EST sequence resources have been shown to have a wide range of applications and accomplished its essential role at the time of need. Then the EST project contributes to the second historic event, the Peanut Genome Project 2010 Inaugural Meeting also held in Atlanta where it was decided to sequence the entire peanut genome. After the completion of peanut whole genome sequencing, ESTs or transcriptome will continue to play an important role to fill in knowledge gaps, to identify particular genes and to explore gene function.
| S-EPMC3382957 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAlternative splicing (AS) represents a mechanism widely used by eukaryotes for the post-transcriptional regulation of genes. The detailed exploration of AS in peanut has not been documented.ResultsThe strand-specific RNA-Seq technique was exploited to characterize the distribution of AS in the four samples of peanut (FH1-seed1, FH1-seed2, FH1-root and FH1-leaf). AS was detected as affecting around 37.2% of the full set of multi-exon genes. Some of these genes experienced AS throughout the plant, while in the case of others, the effect was organ-specific. Overall, AS was more frequent in the seed than in either the root or leaf. The predominant form of AS was intron retention, and AS in transcription start site and transcription terminal site were commonly identified in all the four samples. It is interesting that in genes affected by AS, the majority experienced only a single type of event. Not all of the in silico predicted transcripts appeared to be translated, implying that these are either degraded or sequestered away from the translation machinery. With respect to genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, about 61.6% were shown to experience AS.ConclusionOur report contributes significantly in AS analysis of peanut genes in general, and these results have not been mentioned before. The specific functions of different AS forms need further investigation.
| S-EPMC6032549 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundGenomic research of cultivated peanut has lagged behind other crop species because of the paucity of polymorphic DNA markers found in this crop. It is necessary to identify additional DNA markers for further genetic research in peanut.ResultsMicrosatellite markers in cultivated peanut were developed using the SSR enrichment procedure. The results showed that the GA/CT repeat was the most frequently dispersed microsatellite in peanut. The primer pairs were designed for fifty-six different microsatellites, 19 of which showed a polymorphism among the genotypes studied. The average number of alleles per locus was 4.25, and up to 14 alleles were found at one locus. This suggests that microsatellite DNA markers produce a higher level of DNA polymorphism than other DNA markers in cultivated peanut.ConclusionsIt is desirable to isolate and characterize more DNA markers in cultivated peanut for more productive genomic studies, such as genetic mapping, marker-assisted selection, and gene discovery. The development of microsatellite markers holds a promise for such studies.
| S-EPMC155651 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Lack of sufficient molecular markers hinders current genetic research in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). It is necessary to develop more molecular markers for potential use in peanut genetic research. With the development of peanut EST projects, a vast amount of available EST sequence data has been generated. These data offered an opportunity to identify SSR in ESTs by data mining. RESULTS: In this study, we investigated 24,238 ESTs for the identification and development of SSR markers. In total, 881 SSRs were identified from 780 SSR-containing unique ESTs. On an average, one SSR was found per 7.3 kb of EST sequence with tri-nucleotide motifs (63.9%) being the most abundant followed by di- (32.7%), tetra- (1.7%), hexa- (1.0%) and penta-nucleotide (0.7%) repeat types. The top six motifs included AG/TC (27.7%), AAG/TTC (17.4%), AAT/TTA (11.9%), ACC/TGG (7.72%), ACT/TGA (7.26%) and AT/TA (6.3%). Based on the 780 SSR-containing ESTs, a total of 290 primer pairs were successfully designed and used for validation of the amplification and assessment of the polymorphism among 22 genotypes of cultivated peanuts and 16 accessions of wild species. The results showed that 251 primer pairs yielded amplification products, of which 26 and 221 primer pairs exhibited polymorphism among the cultivated and wild species examined, respectively. Two to four alleles were found in cultivated peanuts, while 3-8 alleles presented in wild species. The apparent broad polymorphism was further confirmed by cloning and sequencing of amplified alleles. Sequence analysis of selected amplified alleles revealed that allelic diversity could be attributed mainly to differences in repeat type and length in the microsatellite regions. In addition, a few single base mutations were observed in the microsatellite flanking regions. CONCLUSION: This study gives an insight into the frequency, type and distribution of peanut EST-SSRs and demonstrates successful development of EST-SSR markers in cultivated peanut. These EST-SSR markers could enrich the current resource of molecular markers for the peanut community and would be useful for qualitative and quantitative trait mapping, marker-assisted selection, and genetic diversity studies in cultivated peanut as well as related Arachis species. All of the 251 working primer pairs with names, motifs, repeat types, primer sequences, and alleles tested in cultivated and wild species are listed in Additional File 1.
| S-EPMC2678122 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AbsractPeanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed and cash crop worldwide. Wild Arachis spp. are potental sources of novel genes for the genetic improvement of cultivated peanut. Understanding the genetic relationships with cultivated peanut is important for the efficient use of wild species in breeding programmes. However, for this genus, only a few genetic resources have been explored so far. In this study, new chloroplast genomic resources have been developed for the genus Arachis based on whole chloroplast genomes from seven species that were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technologies. The chloroplast genomes ranged in length from 156,275 to 156,395?bp, and their gene contents, gene orders, and GC contents were similar to those for other Fabaceae species. Comparative analyses among the seven chloroplast genomes revealed 643 variable sites that included 212 singletons and 431 parsimony-informative sites. We also identified 101 SSR loci and 85 indel mutation events. Thirty-seven SSR loci were found to be polymorphic by in silico comparative analyses. Eleven highly divergent DNA regions, suitable for phylogenetic and species identification, were detected in the seven chloroplast genomes. A molecular phylogeny based on the complete chloroplast genome sequences provided the best resolution of the seven Arachis species.
| S-EPMC5599657 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The root proteomics of two cultivars differing in seed Cd accumulation, Fenghua 1 (F, low Cd cultivar) and Silihong (S, high Cd cultivar), were investigated under 0 (CK) and 2 μM Cd (Cd) conditions. The eight root proteins from two biological replicates of both peanut cultivars under Cd-free and Cd treated were obtained from iTRAQ experiments.
2019-03-19 | PXD012670 | Pride
Project description:BackgroundCircular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of widely expressed endogenous regulatory RNAs, are involved in diverse physiological and developmental processes in eukaryotic cells. However, there have been no related studies on the number of circRNAs and their overall characteristics including circRNA abundance and expression profiles in peanut, which is one of the most important edible oil seed crops in the world.ResultsWe performed a genome-wide identification of circular RNAs using ribosomal-depleted RNA-sequencing from the seeds of two peanut eighth-generation recombinant inbred lines (RIL8): 'RIL 8106' (a medium-pod variety) and 'RIL 8107' (a super-pod variety), at 15 and 35 days after flowering (DAF), respectively. A total of 347 circRNA candidates were detected by two computational pipelines: CIRCexplorer and CIRI, with at least two supporting junction reads. All these circRNAs were generated from exons of annotated genes, and widespread on the 20 peanut chromosomes. The expression profiles revealed that circRNAs were differentially expressed between two stages and between two lines. GO enrichment analysis of the host genes produced differentially-expressed circRNAs suggested that circRNAs are involved in seed development and regulation of seed size. Fifteen circRNAs were experimentally analyzed by qRT-PCR with divergent primers, and six circRNAs were resistant to digestion with RNase R exonuclease, and the back-splicing sites were further validated by Sanger DNA sequencing.ConclusionsWe present the first systematical investigation of the genomic characteristics and expression profiles of circRNAs in peanut. The results revealed that circRNAs are abundant and widespread in peanut, and the differentially-expressed circRNAs between two lines suggested that they might play regulatory roles in peanut seeds development.
| S-EPMC6694679 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The molecular mechanisms of symbiosis in cultivated peanut with a 'crack entry' infection process are largely understudied. In this study, we investigated the root transcriptional profiles of two pairs of non-nodulating (nod-) and nodulating (nod+) sister inbred peanut lines, E4/E5 and E7/E6, and their nod+ parents, F487A and PI262090 during rhizobial infection and nodule initiation by using RNA-seq technology. A total of 143, 101, 123, 215, 182, and 289 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in nod- E4, E7 and nod+ E5, E6, F487A, and PI262090 after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. Different deficiencies at upstream of symbiotic signaling pathway were revealed in the two nod- genotypes. DEGs specific in nod+ genotypes included orthologs to some known symbiotic signaling pathway genes, such as NFR5, NSP2, NIN, ERN1, and many other novel and/or functionally unknown genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of nod+ specific DEGs revealed 54 significantly enriched GO terms, including oxidation-reduction process, metabolic process, and catalytic activity. Genes related with plant defense systems, hormone biosynthesis and response were particularly enriched. To our knowledge, this is the first report revealing symbiosis-related genes in a genome-wide manner in peanut representative of the 'crack entry' species.
| S-EPMC5216375 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundImportant components of drug safety, efficacy, and acceptability involve manufacturing and testing of the drug substance and drug product. Peanut flour sourcing/processing and manufacturing processes may affect final drug product allergen potency and contamination level, possibly impacting drug safety, quality, and efficacy. We describe key steps in the manufacturing processes of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergen powder-dnfp (PTAH; Palforzia®), a drug used in oral immunotherapy (OIT) for the treatment of peanut allergy.MethodsEstablished criteria for source material must be met for manufacturing PTAH drug product. Degree of roasting was determined with a Hunter colorimeter. Protein/allergen content, identity, potency, safety, and quality of each batch of PTAH drug substance were assessed with a combustion analyzer, allergen-specific Western blot (immunoblotting), ELISA, and HPLC. Contaminants (ie, aflatoxin) were measured by UPLC.ResultsRoasting degree beyond "light roast" was associated with variable degrees of protein allergen degradation, or potentially aggregation. Relative potency and amounts of protein allergens showed variability due in part to seasonal/manufacturing variability. Proportion of lots not meeting aflatoxin limits has increased in recent years. Up to 60% of peanut flour source material failed to meet screening selection acceptance criteria for proceeding to drug substance testing, mostly because of failure to meet potency acceptance criteria. Other lots were rejected due to safety (ie, aflatoxin) and quality. Influence of potency variation, within specification parameters, on safety/tolerability observed in trials was considered low, in part due to stringent controls placed at each step of manufacturing.ConclusionsExtensive variability in allergen potency is a critical issue during immunotherapy, particularly during OIT initial dose escalation and up-dosing, as it may result in lack of efficacy or avoidable adverse allergic reactions. Based on EU and US regulatory requirements, the production of PTAH includes manufacturing controls to ensure drug product safety, potency, and quality. For example, although PTAH contains all peanut allergens, each lot has met strict criteria ensuring consistent allergenic potency of Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 6. The rigor of PTAH's manufacturing process ensures reliable dose consistency and stability throughout its shelf life.
| S-EPMC9592818 | biostudies-literature