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Tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of calmodulin by the insulin receptor kinase purified from human placenta.

ABSTRACT: It has previously been demonstrated that calmodulin can be phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo by both tyrosine-specific and serine/threonine protein kinase. We demonstrate here that the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase purified from human placenta phosphorylates calmodulin. The highly purified receptors (prepared by insulin-Sepharose chromatography) were 5-10 times more effective in catalysing the phosphorylation of calmodulin than an equal number of partially purified receptors (prepared by wheat-germ agglutinin-Sepharose chromatography). Phosphorylation occurred exclusively on tyrosine residues, up to a maximum of 1 mol [0.90 +/- 0.14 (n = 5)] of phosphate incorporated/mol of calmodulin. Phosphorylation of calmodulin was dependent on the presence of certain basic proteins and divalent cations. Some of these basic proteins, i.e. polylysine, polyarginine, polyornithine, protamine sulphate and histones H1 and H2B, were also able to stimulate the phosphorylation of calmodulin via an insulin-independent activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase. Addition of insulin further increased incorporation of 32P into calmodulin. The magnitude of the effect of insulin was dependent on the concentration and type of basic protein used, ranging from 0.5- to 9.0-fold stimulation. Maximal phosphorylation of calmodulin was obtained at an insulin concentration of 10(-10) M, with half-maximal effect at 10(-11) M. Either Mg2+ or Mn2+ was necessary to obtain phosphorylation, but Mg2+ was far more effective than Mn2+. In contrast, maximal phosphorylation of calmodulin was observed in the absence of Ca2+. Inhibition of phosphorylation was observed as free Ca2+ concentration exceeded 0.1 microM, with almost complete inhibition at 30 microM free Ca2+. The Km for calmodulin was approx. 0.1 microM. To gain further insight into the effects of basic proteins in this system, we examined the binding of calmodulin to the insulin receptor and the polylysine. Calmodulin binds to the insulin receptor in a Ca2+-dependent manner, whereas it binds to polylysine seemingly by electrostatic interactions. These studies identify calmodulin as a substrate for the highly purified insulin receptor tyrosine kinase of human placenta. They also demonstrate that the basic proteins, which are required for insulin to stimulate the phosphorylation of calmodulin, do so by a direct interaction with calmodulin.

SUBMITTER: Sacks DB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1133502 | biostudies-other | 1989 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:Since the studies on tyrosine phosphorylation of calmodulin by the insulin receptor kinase in vitro suggested that protamine and poly(L-lysine) may activate phosphorylation of the receptor beta subunit [Sacks & McDonald (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2377-2383], we examined the effects of a variety of basic polycations/proteins and polyamines on insulin receptor kinase activity. The insulin receptor purified from human placental membranes was incubated with each basic polycation/protein or polyamine and assayed for tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity by measuring 32P incorporation into the src-related peptide. At a concentration of 1 microM, poly(L-lysine) and poly(L-ornithine) markedly stimulated kinase activity, whereas poly(L-arginine) and histones H1 and H2B inhibited insulin receptor kinase. In contrast, at a concentration of 1 mM, three polyamines (spermine, spermidine and putrescine) did not alter kinase activity. Poly(L-lysine) and poly(L-ornithine) stimulated the insulin receptor kinase by 5-10-fold at concentrations of 0.1-1 microM. Protamine sulphate also showed a significant stimulatory effect at a concentration of 100 microM. Preincubation of the receptor with poly(L-lysine) or poly(L-ornithine) for 20-60 min resulted in maximal kinase activation. Poly(L-lysine), the most effective activator of the receptor kinase, was used to characterize further the mechanisms of the kinase activation. Poly(L-lysine) activates the insulin receptor kinase by increasing the Vmax. without changing the Km. Poly(L-lysine) markedly stimulates the kinase activity of insulin receptor preparations that have lost both basal kinase activity and the ability to be stimulated by insulin. Insulin and poly(L-lysine) also differed in their ability to stimulate the kinase activity of prephosphorylated receptors. Prephosphorylation of the receptors did not affect the stimulation of the kinase by insulin. In contrast, prephosphorylation of receptors resulted in a markedly enhanced ability of poly(L-lysine) to stimulate kinase activity. These studies suggest that the mechanisms by which poly(L-lysine) and insulin activate the kinase are different. In conjunction with other additional evidence, it is suggested that poly(L-lysine) interacts directly with the beta-subunit of the receptor, thereby activating the receptor kinase.

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Tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of calmodulin by the insulin receptor kinase purified from human placenta.

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