Protein synthesis, myosin ATPase activity and myofibrillar protein composition in hearts from tumour-bearing rats and mice.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Drott C
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1133563 | biostudies-other | 1989 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:BackgroundCancer cachexia occurs in approximately 80% of cancer patients and is a key contributor to cancer-related death. The mechanisms controlling development of tumour-induced muscle wasting are not fully elucidated. Specifically, the progression and development of cancer cachexia are underexplored. Therefore, we examined skeletal muscle protein turnover throughout the development of cancer cachexia in tumour-bearing mice.MethodsLewis lung carcinoma (LLC) was injected into the hind flank of C57BL6/J mice at 8 weeks age with tumour allowed to develop for 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks and compared with PBS injected control. Muscle size was measured by cross-sectional area analysis of haematoxylin and eosin stained tibialis anterior muscle. 2 H2 O was used to assess protein synthesis throughout the development of cancer cachexia. Immunoblot and RT-qPCR were used to measure regulators of protein turnover. TUNEL staining was utilized to measure apoptotic nuclei. LLC conditioned media (LCM) treatment of C2C12 myotubes was used to analyse cancer cachexia in vitro.ResultsMuscle cross-sectional area decreased ~40% 4 weeks following tumour implantation. Myogenic signalling was suppressed in tumour-bearing mice as soon as 1 week following tumour implantation, including lower mRNA contents of Pax7, MyoD, CyclinD1, and Myogenin, when compared with control animals. AchRδ and AchRε mRNA contents were down-regulated by ~50% 3 weeks following tumour implantation. Mixed fractional synthesis rate protein synthesis was ~40% lower in 4 week tumour-bearing mice when compared with PBS controls. Protein ubiquitination was elevated by ~50% 4 weeks after tumour implantation. Moreover, there was an increase in autophagy machinery after 4 weeks of tumour growth. Finally, ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylations were fourfold and threefold greater than control muscle 4 weeks following tumour implantation, respectively. Inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not ERK MAPK, in vitro partially rescued LCM-induced loss of myotube diameter.ConclusionsOur findings work towards understanding the pathophysiological signalling in skeletal muscle in the initial development of cancer cachexia. Shortly following the onset of the tumour-bearing state alterations in myogenic regulatory factors are apparent, suggesting early onset alterations in the capacity for myogenic induction. Cancer cachexia presents with a combination of a loss of protein synthesis and increased markers of protein breakdown, specifically in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Also, p38 MAPK may be a potential therapeutic target to combat cancer cachexia via a p38-FOX01-atrogene-ubiquitin-proteasome mechanism.
| S-EPMC6204589 | biostudies-literature
Project description:During starvation for 72 h, tumour-bearing rats showed accelerated ketonaemia and marked ketonuria. Total blood [ketone bodies] were 8.53 mM and 3.34 mM in tumour-bearing and control (non-tumour-bearing) rats respectively (P less than 0.001). The [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio was 1.3 in the tumour-bearing rats, compared with 3.2 in the controls at 72 h (P less than 0.001). Blood [glucose] and hepatic [glycogen] were lower at the start of starvation in tumour-bearing rats, whereas plasma [non-esterified fatty acids] were not increased above those in the control rats during starvation. After functional hepatectomy, blood [acetoacetate], but not [3-hydroxybutyrate], decreased rapidly in tumour-bearing rats, whereas both ketone bodies decreased, and at a slower rate, in the control rats. Blood [glucose] decreased more rapidly in the hepatectomized control rats. Hepatocytes prepared from 72 h-starved tumour-bearing and control rats showed similar rates of ketogenesis from palmitate, and the distribution of [1-14C] palmitate between oxidation (ketone bodies and CO2) and esterification was also unaffected by tumour-bearing, as was the rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate. The carcinoma itself showed rapid rates of glycolysis and a poor ability to metabolize ketone bodies in vitro. The results are consistent with the peripheral, normal, tissues in tumour-bearing rats having increased ketone-body and decreased glucose metabolic turnover rates.
| S-EPMC1153051 | biostudies-other
Project description:Mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma showed a high tumour glutaminase activity and significantly higher concentrations of most amino acids than in both the liver and the skeletal muscle of the host. Tumour tissue slices showed a marked preference for glutamine, especially for oxidation of its skeleton to CO2. It is proposed that the metabolism of this particular carcinoma is focused on amino acid degradation, glutamine being its preferred substrate.
| S-EPMC1148723 | biostudies-other
Project description:Intestinal microbiota mediate toxicity of irinotecan (CPT-11) cancer therapies and cause systemic infection after CPT-11-induced loss of barrier function. The intestinal microbiota and their functions are thus potential targets for treatment to mitigate CPT-11 toxicity. However, microbiota changes during CPT-11 therapy remain poorly described. This study analysed changes in intestinal microbiota induced by CPT-11 chemotherapy. Qualitative and quantitative taxonomic analyses, and functional analyses were combined to characterize intestinal microbiota during CPT-11-based chemotherapy, and in presence or absence of oral glutamine, a treatment known to reduce CPT-11 toxicity. In the first set of experiments tumour-bearing rats received a dose-intensive CPT-11 regimen (125 mg kg(-1)×3 days), with or without oral glutamine bolus (0.75 g kg(-1)). In a subsequent more clinically-oriented chemotherapy regimen, rats received two cycles of CPT-11 (50 mg kg(-1)) followed by 5-flurouracil (50 mg kg(-1)). The analysis of fecal samples over time demonstrated that tumours changed the composition of intestinal microbiota, increasing the abundance of clostrridial clusters I, XI, and Enterobacteriaceae. CPT-11 chemotherapy increased cecal Clostridium cluster XI and Enterobacteriaceae, particularly after the dose-intensive therapy. Glutamine treatment prevented the reduced abundance of major bacterial groups after CPT-11 administration; i.e. total bacteria, Clostridium cluster VI, and the Bacteroides-group. Virulence factor/toxin genes of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile were not detected in the cecal microbiota. In conclusion, both colon cancer implantation and CPT-11-based chemotherapies disrupted the intestinal microbiota. Oral glutamine partially mitigated CPT-11 toxicity and induced temporary changes of the intestinal microbiota.
| S-EPMC3406026 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Rats bearing the Walker-256 carcinosarcoma showed significant changes in leucine metabolism compared with their non-tumour-bearing controls. After a single intravenous tracer dose of L-[1-14C]leucine in vivo, 14CO2 release by tumour-bearing rats was significantly elevated throughout the time course of administration. In addition, both the clearance and turnover rates of the tracer were significantly enhanced in these animals. Incubation of soleus muscles from control and tumour-bearing rats in the presence of L-[1-14C]leucine revealed an enhanced oxidation of the amino acid in the tumour-bearing group. Tumour tissue slices were also able to oxidize the tracer at a similar rate to that found in soleus muscles from control animals.
| S-EPMC1131419 | biostudies-other
Project description:Marked loss of body weight and profound waste of both skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue occur in rats into which the ascites hepatoma Yoshida AH-130 has been transplanted, associated with marked perturbations in the hormonal homoeostasis and the presence of circulating tumour necrosis factor and high plasma levels of prostaglandin E2 [Tessitore, Costelli and Baccino (1993) Br. J. Cancer 67, 15-23]. On the basis of previous findings, the present study examined whether the development of cachexia in this model system could be significantly affected by adrenalectomy or by pharmacological treatments that may interfere with proximal or distal mediators of tissue hypercatabolism. In no instance was tumour growth modified. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, an anabolic-hormone-like drug, was completely ineffective. In adrenalectomized animals, although changes such as the elevation of plasma triacylglycerols and corticosterone were corrected, the general course of cachexia was not modified. A partial prevention of muscle waste was observed with acetylsalicylic acid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or with leupeptin, a proteinase inhibitor. Insulin afforded the most significant preservation of muscle protein and adipose-tissue mass, which were maintained close to control values even 10 days after transplantation. The effects of insulin on gastrocnemius muscle and liver protein content were exerted by slowing down protein turnover, mainly enhancing synthesis. Consistently, the total free amino acid concentration in the gastrocnemius of insulin-treated rats 10 days after tumour transplantation was close to that of controls. Although treatment with insulin decreased plasma corticosterone to normal values, it did not modify the circulating level of tumour necrosis factor. On the whole these data show that it seems possible to prevent, at least in part, the tissue waste that characterizes cancer cachexia by purely pharmacological means.
| S-EPMC1138022 | biostudies-other
Project description:Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs in several pathological conditions, such as cancer, especially during cancer-induced cachexia. This condition is associated with increased morbidity and poor treatment response, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality in cancer patients. A leucine-rich diet could be used as a coadjutant therapy to prevent muscle atrophy in patients suffering from cancer cachexia. Besides muscle atrophy, muscle function loss is even more important to patient quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential beneficial effects of leucine supplementation on whole-body functional/movement properties, as well as some markers of muscle breakdown and inflammatory status. Adult Wistar rats were randomly distributed into four experimental groups. Two groups were fed with a control diet (18% protein): Control (C) and Walker 256 tumour-bearing (W), and two other groups were fed with a leucine-rich diet (18% protein + 3% leucine): Leucine Control (L) and Leucine Walker 256 tumour-bearing (LW). A functional analysis (walking, behaviour, and strength tests) was performed before and after tumour inoculation. Cachexia parameters such as body weight loss, muscle and fat mass, pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, and molecular and morphological aspects of skeletal muscle were also determined. As expected, Walker 256 tumour growth led to muscle function decline, cachexia manifestation symptoms, muscle fibre cross-section area reduction, and classical muscle protein degradation pathway activation, with upregulation of FoxO1, MuRF-1, and 20S proteins. On the other hand, despite having no effect on the walking test, inflammation status or muscle oxidative capacity, the leucine-rich diet improved muscle strength and behaviour performance, maintained body weight, fat and muscle mass and decreased some protein degradation markers in Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats. Indeed, a leucine-rich diet alone could not completely revert cachexia but could potentially diminish muscle protein degradation, leading to better muscle functional performance in cancer cachexia.
| S-EPMC8699792 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of the cancer-related death in the world. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) have been characterized with a pluripotency, low immunogenicity and no tumorigenicity. Especially, the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of hAMSCs make them suitable for treating HCC. Here, we reported that hAMSCs administrated by intravenous injection significantly inhibited HCC through suppressing cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis in tumour-bearing mice with Hepg2 cells. Cell tracking experiments with GFP-labelled hAMSCs showed that the stem cells possessed the ability of migrating to the tumorigenic sites for suppressing tumour growth. Importantly, both hAMSCs and the conditional media (hAMSC-CM) have the similar antitumour effects in vitro, suggesting that hAMSCs-derived cytokines might be involved in their antitumour effects. Antibody array assay showed that hAMSCs highly expressed dickkopf-3 (DKK-3), dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). Furthermore, the antitumour effects of hAMSCs were further confirmed by applications of the antibodies or the specific siRNAs of DKK-3, DKK-1 and IGFBP-3 in vitro. Mechanically, hAMSCs-derived DKK-3, DKK-1 and IGFBP-3 markedly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of Hepg2 cells through suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway and IGF-1R-mediated PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, respectively. Taken together, our study demonstrated that hAMSCs possess significant antitumour effects in vivo and in vitro and might provide a novel strategy for HCC treatment clinically.
| S-EPMC7521292 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundBreast cancer is a major health burden for women, worldwide. Lifestyle-related risk factors, such as obesity and being overweight, have reached epidemic proportions and contributes to the development of breast cancer. Doxorubicin (DXR) is a chemotherapeutic drug commonly used to treat breast cancer, and although effective, may cause toxicity to other organs. The mechanisms and effects of DXR on hepatic tissue, and the contributing role of obesity, in breast cancer patients are poorly understood. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of DXR on hepatic tissue in an obese tumour-bearing mouse model.MethodsA diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model was established, where seventy-four three-week-old female C57BL6 mice were divided into two main groups, namely the high fat diet (containing 60% kcal fat) and standard diet (containing 10% kcal fat) groups. After eight weeks on their respective diets, the DIO phenotype was established, and the mice were further divided into tumour and non-tumour groups. Mice were subcutaneously inoculated with E0771 triple negative breast cancer cells in the fourth mammary gland and received three doses of 4 mg/kg DXR (cumulative dosage of 12 mg/kg) or vehicle treatments via intraperitoneal injection. The expression levels of markers involved in apoptosis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were compared by means of western blotting. To assess the pathology and morphology of hepatic tissue, haematoxylin and eosin staining was performed. The presence of fibrosis and lipid accumulation in hepatic tissues were assessed with Masson's trichrome and Oil Red O staining, respectively.ResultsMicroscopic examination of liver tissues showed significant changes in the high fat diet tumour-bearing mice treated with DXR, consisting of macrovesicular steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning and lobular inflammation, compared to the standard diet tumour-bearing mice treated with DXR and the control group (standard diet mice). These changes are the hallmarks of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, associated with obesity.ConclusionThe histopathological findings indicated that DXR caused significant hepatic parenchymal injury in the obese tumour-bearing mice. Hepatotoxicity is aggravated in obesity as an underlying co-morbidity. It has been shown that obesity is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients receiving neo-adjuvant chemotherapy treatment regimens.
| S-EPMC9710042 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), and a more potent variant LR3-IGF-I, which binds poorly to IGF-binding proteins, were investigated in rats bearing a mammary adenocarcinoma. The effect of insulin, either alone or in combination with LR3-IGF-I, was also investigated. Peptides were infused via osmotic minipumps for 6-7 days after tumour size reached 5% of body weight. Infusion of IGFs alone at either 200 or 500 microgram/day significantly decreased food intakes as well as circulating levels of insulin and glucose, and consequently failed to promote muscle protein accretion in the host. Tumour growth was increased by the IGFs, especially by LR3-IGF-I, even though these peptides did not promote growth of the adenocarcinoma in cell culture. Infusion of LR3-IGF-I, and to a lesser extent IGF-I, led to decreased rates of muscle protein synthesis and increased muscle protein breakdown, but each of these measures was closely related to the final tumour burden (r2 = 0.454 and 0.810 respectively; P < 0.01) and possibly resulted from a decrease in substrate supply to the host tissues. Insulin infusion (100 micrograms/day) increased food consumption by more than 50% and significantly decreased tumour growth. Insulin and LR3-IGF-I had a synergistic effect on host weight, which increased by 19.1 +/- 1.9, -1.1 +/- 4.7 and 37.9 +/- 1.5 g for insulin, LR3-IGF-I and combined treatments respectively. Carcass protein was increased by more than 10% with insulin treatment, due to increased rates of synthesis and decreased rates of muscle protein breakdown, but LR3-IGF-I had no positive effect on carcass protein accretion, either alone or in combination with insulin. Similarly, the amount of carcass fat was increased almost 2-fold by insulin treatment, whereas it was decreased by 30% by LR3-IGF-I. These changes may have arisen either from direct hormone effects on metabolism or from the indirect effects of food intake, or both. Our results suggest that IGF administration may exacerbate an insulin insufficiency associated with the tumour-bearing state and further decrease metabolic substrate supply to the host. This can be overcome by co-infusion of insulin.
| S-EPMC1137054 | biostudies-other