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Requirement of the C-terminal proline residue for stability of the Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein aequorin.

ABSTRACT: cDNA coding for the Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein aequorin from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has been engineered to investigate the role of the C-terminal proline residue in bioluminescence. Recombinant aequorin proteins were synthesized by PCR followed by in vitro transcription/translation, and characterized by specific activity, stability, and affinity for coelenterazine. The C-terminal proline residue of aequorin was shown to be essential for the long-term stability of the bound coelenterazine. Aequorin minus proline had only 1% of the specific activity of the wild-type after 2 h, and was virtually inactive after 18 h. The instability of this variant was further demonstrated by re-activating with a coelenterazine analogue (epsilon-coelenterazine), where maximum reactivation was reached in 15 min, and the luminescent activity was almost completely abolished within 3 h. Replacement of the C-terminal proline residue with histidine or glutamic acid decreased the specific activity to 10 and 19% of that of the wild-type respectively. However these variants were also unstable, having t1/2 values of 2.4 h and 2.3 h respectively. Enhancement of the Ca(2+)-independent light emission when proline was replaced by histidine confirmed the stabilizing role of the C-terminal proline. No significant effect of removal of the C-terminal proline was detected on the affinity for coelenterazine.

SUBMITTER: Watkins NJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1134337 | biostudies-other | 1993 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:BackgroundGamete and embryo development are crucial for successful reproduction and seed set in plants, which is often the determining factor for crop yield. Proline accumulation was largely viewed as a specific reaction to overcome stress conditions, while recent studies suggested important functions of proline metabolism also in reproductive development. Both the level of free proline and proline metabolism were proposed to influence the transition to flowering, as well as pollen and embryo development.ResultsIn this study, we performed a detailed analysis of the contribution of individual proline biosynthetic enzymes to vegetative development and reproductive success in Arabidopsis. In contrast to previous reports, we found that pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) synthetase 2 (P5CS2) is not essential for sexual reproduction although p5cs2 mutant plants were retarded in vegetative development and displayed reduced fertility under long-day conditions. Single mutant plants devoid of P5CS1 did not show any developmental defects. Simultaneous absence of both P5CS isoforms resulted in pollen sterility, while fertile egg cells could still be produced. Expression of P5C reductase (P5CR) was indispensable for embryo development but surprisingly not needed for pollen or egg cell fertility. The latter observation could be explained by an extreme stability of P5CR activity, which had a half-life time of greater than 3 weeks in vitro. Expression of P5CR-GFP under the control of the endogenous P5CR promoter was able to restore growth of homozygous p5cr mutant embryos. The analysis of P5CR-GFP-fluorescence in planta supported an exclusively cytoplasmatic localisation of P5CR.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that potential alternative pathways for proline synthesis or inter-generation transfer of proline are not sufficient to overcome a defect in proline biosynthesis from glutamate during pollen development. Proline biosynthesis through P5CS2 and P5CR is limiting for vegetative and reproductive development in Arabidopsis, whereas disruption of P5CS1 alone does not affect development of non-stressed plants.

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Requirement of the C-terminal proline residue for stability of the Ca(2+)-activated photoprotein aequorin.

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