Correlation of neuropathy target esterase activity with specific tritiated di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate-labelled proteins.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Thomas TC
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1135544 | biostudies-other | 1989 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The particulate fraction from hen brain was labelled with [3H]di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DiPF) and separated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Four radioactive protein bands (1--4) of molecular weights 155000, 92000, 60000, and 30000 were resolved. Most of the labelling of bands 2, 3 and 4 was inhibited by preincubation with Paraoxon. The residue in band 4 was sensitive to pH 5.2. Successive treatments with Paraoxon and pH 5.2 resulted in the abolition of bands 3 and 4. Bands 1 and 2 contained one and two polypeptides respectively, whose labelling was sensitive to Mipafox, but one, in band 2, was sensitive to higher concentrations of Paraoxon. The concentrations of the other two polypeptides were 6.7 and 1.95 pmol of DiPF bound/g of brain in bands 1 and 2 respectively. Both were as sensitive to Mipafox as neurotoxic esterase and were also sensitive to phenyl benzylcarbamate. 4-Nitrophenyl di-n-pentylphosphinate given in vivo inhibited neurotoxic esterase and the labelling of the band-1 polypeptide by 82% and 84% respectively, but inhibited the labelling of the band 2 polypeptide by 51%. The phosphinate in vitro produced 98% inhibition of the labelling of the band-1 polypeptide, with only 26% inhibition of the band-2 polypeptide, under conditions sufficient to inhibit neurotoxic esterase totally. Both neurotoxic esterase and the band-1 polypeptide were found in the forebrain at 1.74-fold their concentration in the rest of the brain, whereas the band-2 polypeptide was uniformly distributed. The evidence indicates that the Mipafox-sensitive polypeptide in band 1 is the [3H]DiPF-labelled active-site subunit of neurotoxic esterase. The catalytic-centre activity of the enzyme for phenyl valerate hydrolysis was found to be 2.6 x 10(5) min-1.
| S-EPMC1163375 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. It was proposed [Johnson (1974) J. Neurochem.23, 785-789] that an essential step in the genesis of delayed neuropathy caused by some organophosphorus esters was aging of phosphorylated neurotoxic esterase, involving generation of a charged monosubstituted phosphoric acid residue on the protein. 2. Neurotoxic esterase of hen brain was inhibited with di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate either unlabelled or mixed-labelled with (3)H and (32)P. 3. Reactivation of inhibited enzyme by KF was possible only immediately after a brief inhibition:aging at pH8.0 and 37 degrees C occurred with a half-life of about 2-4min. 4. When the radiolabelled enzyme was studied no loss of label was observed during the expected aging period, but a change in the nature of the bound radioisotopes occurred (half-life=3.25min). 5. Alkaline hydrolysis of labelled enzyme liberated di-isopropyl phosphate at early times after labelling, but increasing amounts of monoisopropyl phosphate plus a volatile tritiated compound (possibly propan-2-ol) at later times. 6. Treatment of labelled enzyme with KF released di-isopropyl phosphate and caused reactivation of enzyme to similar degrees. It is concluded that the chemical change from di-isopropyl phosphoryl-enzyme to mono-isopropyl phosphoryl-enzyme and the loss of reactivatibility are related. 7. The rate of aging is similar at pH5.2, 6.5 and 8. Aging is unaffected by addition of reduced glutathione and imidazole at pH5.2 or 8, and none of the transferred (3)H is trapped by these reagents. The mechanism of aging must be different from the better-known dealkylation aging of the cholinesterases.
| S-EPMC1186405 | biostudies-other
Project description:Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is an integral membrane protein present in all neurons and in some non-neural-cell types of vertebrates. Recent data indicate that NTE is involved in a cell-signalling pathway controlling interactions between neurons and accessory glial cells in the developing nervous system. NTE has serine esterase activity and efficiently catalyses the hydrolysis of phenyl valerate (PV) in vitro, but its physiological substrate is unknown. By sequence analysis NTE has been found to be related neither to the major serine esterase family, which includes acetylcholinesterase, nor to any other known serine hydrolases. NTE comprises at least two functional domains: an N-terminal putative regulatory domain and a C-terminal effector domain which contains the esterase activity and is, in part, conserved in proteins found in bacteria, yeast, nematodes and insects. NTE's effector domain contains three predicted transmembrane segments, and the active-site serine residue lies at the centre of one of these segments. The isolated recombinant domain shows PV hydrolase activity only when incorporated into phospholipid liposomes. NTE's esterase activity appears to be largely redundant in adult vertebrates, but organophosphates which react with NTE in vivo initiate unknown events which lead, after a delay of 1-3 weeks, to a neuropathy with degeneration of long axons. These neuropathic organophosphates leave a negatively charged group covalently attached to the active-site serine residue, and it is suggested that this may cause a toxic gain of function in NTE.
| S-EPMC1220683 | biostudies-other
Project description:The possibility that organophosphorus (OP) compounds contribute to motor neuron disease (MND) is supported by association of paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the occurrence of MND in OP compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), in which neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is inhibited by organophosphorylation. We evaluated a consanguineous kindred and a genetically unrelated nonconsanguineous kindred in which affected subjects exhibited progressive spastic paraplegia and distal muscle wasting. Affected subjects resembled those with OPIDN and those with Troyer Syndrome due to SPG20/spartin gene mutation (excluded by genetic linkage and SPG20/spartin sequence analysis). Genome-wide analysis suggested linkage to a 22 cM homozygous locus (D19S565 to D19S884, maximum multipoint LOD score 3.28) on chromosome 19p13 to which NTE had been mapped (GenBank AJ004832). NTE was a candidate because of its role in OPIDN and the similarity of our patients to those with OPIDN. Affected subjects in the consanguineous kindred were homozygous for disease-specific NTE mutation c.3034A-->G that disrupted an interspecies conserved residue (M1012V) in NTE's catalytic domain. Affected subjects in the nonconsanguineous family were compound heterozygotes: one allele had c.2669G-->A mutation, which disrupts an interspecies conserved residue in NTE's catalytic domain (R890H), and the other allele had an insertion (c.2946_2947insCAGC) causing frameshift and protein truncation (p.S982fs1019). Disease-specific, nonconserved NTE mutations in unrelated MND patients indicates NTE's importance in maintaining axonal integrity, raises the possibility that NTE pathway disturbances contribute to other MNDs including ALS, and supports the role of NTE abnormalities in axonopathy produced by neuropathic OP compounds.
| S-EPMC2427280 | biostudies-literature
Project description:iPr(2)P-F (di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate) administration to rats produces a liver-dependent specific elevation of plasma beta-glucuronidase activity. The response is unaffected by puromycin pretreatment. By using subcellular-fractionation techniques, the rise in plasma beta-glucuronidase activity was correlated temporally with a fall in liver microsomal beta-glucuronidase activity. After iPr(2)P-F treatment, liver microsomal membranes are depleted of beta-glucuronidase but slowly return to normal over 1 week. On the other hand, liver lysosomal beta-glucuronidase activity is high at early time points (less than 60min) after iPr(2)P-F administration but decreases to below control values; this lasts for a few days. The response to iPr(2)P-F was demonstrated in isolated hepatocytes prepared from iPr(2)P-F-treated rats. In such preparations, microsomal beta-glucuronidase is lost rapidly, followed by a specific decrease in hepatocyte lysosomal beta-glucuronidase. The results suggest that a pool of microsomal beta-glucuronidase serves as precursor to plasma beta-glucuronidase in iPr(2)P-F-treated rats, and further, that microsomal beta-glucuronidase may serve as precursor to lysosomal beta-glucuronidase.
| S-EPMC1164831 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundOliver-McFarlane syndrome is characterised by trichomegaly, congenital hypopituitarism and retinal degeneration with choroidal atrophy. Laurence-Moon syndrome presents similarly, though with progressive spinocerebellar ataxia and spastic paraplegia and without trichomegaly. Both recessively inherited disorders have no known genetic cause.MethodsWhole-exome sequencing was performed to identify the genetic causes of these disorders. Mutations were functionally validated in zebrafish pnpla6 morphants. Embryonic expression was evaluated via in situ hybridisation in human embryonic sections. Human neurohistopathology was performed to characterise cerebellar degeneration. Enzymatic activities were measured in patient-derived fibroblast cell lines.ResultsEight mutations in six families with Oliver-McFarlane or Laurence-Moon syndrome were identified in the PNPLA6 gene, which encodes neuropathy target esterase (NTE). PNPLA6 expression was found in the developing human eye, pituitary and brain. In zebrafish, the pnpla6 curly-tailed morphant phenotype was fully rescued by wild-type human PNPLA6 mRNA and not by mutation-harbouring mRNAs. NTE enzymatic activity was significantly reduced in fibroblast cells derived from individuals with Oliver-McFarlane syndrome. Intriguingly, adult brain histology from a patient with highly overlapping features of Oliver-McFarlane and Laurence-Moon syndromes revealed extensive cerebellar degeneration and atrophy.ConclusionsPreviously, PNPLA6 mutations have been associated with spastic paraplegia type 39, Gordon-Holmes syndrome and Boucher-Neuhäuser syndromes. Discovery of these additional PNPLA6-opathies further elucidates a spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders associated with NTE impairment and suggests a unifying mechanism with diagnostic and prognostic importance.
| S-EPMC8108008 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is a neuronal membrane protein originally identified for its property to be modified by organo-phosphates (OPs), which in humans cause neuropathy characterized by axonal degeneration. Drosophila mutants for the homolog gene of NTE, swisscheese (sws), indicated a possible involvement of sws in the regulation of axon-glial cell interaction during glial wrapping. However, the role of NTE/sws in mammalian brain pathophysiology remains unknown. To investigate NTE function in vivo, we used the cre/loxP site-specific recombination strategy to generate mice with a specific deletion of NTE in neuronal tissues. Here we show that loss of NTE leads to prominent neuronal pathology in the hippocampus and thalamus and also defects in the cerebellum. Absence of NTE resulted in disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum, vacuolation of nerve cell bodies, and abnormal reticular aggregates. Thus, these results identify a physiological role for NTE in the nervous system and indicate that a loss-of-function mechanism may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases characterized by vacuolation and neuronal loss.
| S-EPMC387376 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Neurotoxic esterase activity was measured in homogenates of human placenta and hen brain, spinal cord, liver, kidney and spleen. The activity in liver comprised less than 20% of the Paraoxon-resistant esterases, but in the other tissues neurotoxic esterase accounted for over 50%. The same tissues were labelled with [3H]di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate, and any isopropyl group transferred on to protein during 'aging' of the labelled enzymes (alkali-volatilizable tritium) was measured. No Paraoxon-sensitive labelled sites were found to age in this way in any tissue. In brain, the Paraoxon-resistant alkali-volatilizable-tritium-labelled sites correlated with the number of neurotoxic esterase labelled sites, indicating that 'aging' and isopropyl group transfer were 100% efficient. The site receiving the transferred isopropyl group was characterized by analysing the distribution of radiolabelled proteins on gel-filtration chromatography in the presence of SDS. In particulate preparations from each tissue, the protein-bound alkali-volatilizable tritium (transferred isopropyl group) was attached to a polypeptide of Mr 178 000. This same polypeptide also bore the isopropyl-phosphoryl group of neurotoxic esterase, indicating that aging of neurotoxic esterase is an intramolecular group transfer. The apparent turnover number for the enzyme (average 1.6 X 10(5) min-1) was approximately the same in each hen tissue, confirming that closely similar enzymes were present in brain, spinal cord, liver and spleen. The apparent turnover for the human enzyme was 1.8-fold higher than that for the hen enzyme. The concentration of the neurotoxic esterase phosphorylated subunit in brain, spinal cord, spleen, placenta and liver was 14.6, 3.8, 7.4, 3.3 and 3.8 pmol/g of tissue. The evidence indicated that neurotoxic esterase is present in each tissue except kidney, and that isopropyl group transfer on 'aging' occurs on this enzyme only. This process is an intramolecular transfer of the group within the same polypeptide.
| S-EPMC1154162 | biostudies-other
Project description:Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is a transmembrane protein of unknown function whose specific chemical modification by certain organophosphorus (OP) compounds leads to distal axonopathy. Therefore, solving the 3D structure of NTE would advance the understanding of its pathogenic and physiologic roles. In this study, the tertiary structures of the patatin (catalytic) domain and the N-terminal transmembrane domain of NTE were modeled using the crystal structures of patatin (PDB ID 1oxw) and moricin (PDB ID 1kv4) as templates. Sequence alignments and secondary structure predictions were obtained from the INUB server (Buffalo, NY). O and PyMol were used to build the PNTE and NTE TMD chains from these sequence alignments. The PNTE model was refined in the presence of water using the crystallography and NMR system, while the NTE TMD model was refined in vacuo using the GROMOS implementation in the Swiss PDB viewer. The modeled active site of NTE was found to consist of a Ser966-Asp1086 catalytic dyad, which is characteristic of phospholipase A2 enzymes. The Ser966 Ogamma was located 2.93 A from the Odelta2 of Asp1086. In addition, our NTE model was found to contain a single N-terminal transmembrane domain. This modeling effort provided structural and mechanistic predictions about the catalytic domain of NTE that are being verified via experimental techniques.
| S-EPMC6643263 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Systemic inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) with certain organophosphorus (OP) compounds produces OP compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN), a distal degeneration of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), thereby providing a powerful model for studying a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Axonopathies are important medical entities in their own right, but in addition, illnesses once considered primary neuronopathies are now thought to begin with axonal degeneration. These disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Moreover, conditional knockout of NTE in the mouse CNS produces vacuolation and other degenerative changes in large neurons in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum, along with degeneration and swelling of axons in ascending and descending spinal cord tracts. In humans, NTE mutations cause a variety of neurodegenerative conditions resulting in a range of deficits including spastic paraplegia and blindness. Mutations in the Drosophila NTE orthologue SwissCheese (SWS) produce neurodegeneration characterized by vacuolization that can be partially rescued by expression of wild-type human NTE, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for certain human neurological disorders. This chapter defines NTE and OPIDN, presents an overview of OP compounds, provides a rationale for NTE research, and traces the history of discovery of NTE and its relationship to OPIDN. It then briefly describes subsequent studies of NTE, including practical applications of the assay; aspects of its domain structure, subcellular localization, and tissue expression; abnormalities associated with NTE mutations, knockdown, and conventional or conditional knockout; and hypothetical models to help guide future research on elucidating the role of NTE in OPIDN.
| S-EPMC7271139 | biostudies-literature