Phospholipase C delta 1 requires a pleckstrin homology domain for interaction with the plasma membrane.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Paterson HF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1136164 | biostudies-other | 1995 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Several isoforms of phospholipase C (PLC) are regulated through interactions with Ras superfamily GTPases, including Rac proteins. Interestingly, of two closely related PLCgamma isoforms, only PLCgamma(2) has previously been shown to be activated by Rac. Here, we explore the molecular basis of this interaction as well as the structural properties of PLCgamma(2) required for activation. Based on reconstitution experiments with isolated PLCgamma variants and Rac2, we show that an unusual pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, designated as the split PH domain (spPH), is both necessary and sufficient to effect activation of PLCgamma(2) by Rac2. We also demonstrate that Rac2 directly binds to PLCgamma(2) as well as to the isolated spPH of this isoform. Furthermore, through the use of NMR spectroscopy and mutational analysis, we determine the structure of spPH, define the structural features of spPH required for Rac interaction, and identify critical amino acid residues at the interaction interface. We further discuss parallels and differences between PLCgamma(1) and PLCgamma(2) and the implications of our findings for their respective signaling roles.
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Project description:PH-PLCdelta1 [the PH domain (pleckstrin homology domain) of PLCdelta1 (phospholipase C-delta1)] is among the best-characterized phosphoinositide-binding domains. PH-PLCdelta1 binds with high specificity to the headgroup of PtdIns(4,5)P2, but little is known about its interfacial properties. In the present study, we show that PH-PLCdelta1 is also membrane-active and can insert significantly into PtdIns(4,5)P2-containing monolayers at physiological (bilayer-equivalent) surface pressures. However, this membrane activity appears to involve interactions distinct from those that target PH-PLCdelta1 to the PtdIns(4,5)P2 headgroup. Whereas the majority of PtdIns(4,5)P2-bound PH-PLCdelta1 can be displaced by adding excess of soluble headgroup [Ins(1,4,5)P3], membrane activity of PH-PLCdelta1 cannot. PH-PLCdelta1 differs from other phosphoinositide-binding domains in that its membrane insertion does not require that the phosphoinositide-binding site be occupied. Significant monolayer insertion remains when the phosphoinositide-binding site is mutated, and PH-PLCdelta1 can insert into monolayers that contain no PtdIns(4,5)P2 at all. Our results suggest a model in which reversible membrane binding of PH-PLCdelta1, mediated by PtdIns(4,5)P2 or other acidic phospholipids, occurs without membrane insertion. Accumulation of the PH domain at the membrane surface enhances the efficiency of insertion, but does not significantly affect its extent, whereas the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesterol in the lipid mixture promotes the extent of insertion. This is the first report of membrane activity in an isolated PH domain and has implications for understanding the membrane targeting by this common type of domain.
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Project description:Phospholipases C (PLCs) reversibly associate with membranes to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PI[4,5]P(2)) and comprise four main classes: beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. Most eukaryotic PLCs contain a single, N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, which is thought to play an important role in membrane targeting. The structure of a single PLC PH domain, that from PLCdelta1, has been determined; this PH domain binds PI(4,5)P(2) with high affinity and stereospecificity and has served as a paradigm for PH domain functionality. However, experimental studies demonstrate that PH domains from different PLC classes exhibit diverse modes of membrane interaction, reflecting the dissimilarity in their amino acid sequences. To elucidate the structural basis for their differential membrane-binding specificities, we modeled the three-dimensional structures of all mammalian PLC PH domains by using bioinformatic tools and calculated their biophysical properties by using continuum electrostatic approaches. Our computational analysis accounts for a large body of experimental data, provides predictions for those PH domains with unknown functions, and indicates functional roles for regions other than the canonical lipid-binding site identified in the PLCdelta1-PH structure. In particular, our calculations predict that (1). members from each of the four PLC classes exhibit strikingly different electrostatic profiles than those ordinarily observed for PH domains in general, (2). nonspecific electrostatic interactions contribute to the membrane localization of PLCdelta-, PLCgamma-, and PLCbeta-PH domains, and (3). phosphorylation regulates the interaction of PLCbeta-PH with its effectors through electrostatic repulsion. Our molecular models for PH domains from all of the PLC classes clearly demonstrate how a common structural fold can serve as a scaffold for a wide range of surface features and biophysical properties that support distinctive functional roles.
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Project description:The self-assembling GTPase dynamin catalyzes endocytic vesicle scission via membrane insertion of its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PH domain-dependent membrane fission remain obscure. Membrane-curvature-sensing and membrane-curvature-generating properties have been attributed, but it remains to be seen whether the PH domain is involved in either process independent of dynamin self-assembly. Here, using multiple fluorescence spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, we demonstrate that the isolated PH domain does not act to bend membranes but instead senses high membrane curvature through hydrophobic insertion into the membrane bilayer. Furthermore, we use a complementary set of short- and long-distance Förster resonance energy transfer approaches to distinguish PH-domain orientation from proximity at the membrane surface in full-length dynamin. We reveal, in addition to the GTP-sensitive "hydrophobic mode," the presence of an alternate, GTP-insensitive "electrostatic mode" of PH domain-membrane interactions that retains dynamin on the membrane surface during the GTP hydrolysis cycle. Stabilization of this alternate orientation produces dramatic variations in the morphology of membrane-bound dynamin spirals, indicating that the PH domain regulates membrane fission through the control of dynamin polymer dynamics.
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