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Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein by hypochlorite causes aggregation that is mediated by modification of lysine residues rather than lipid oxidation.

ABSTRACT: Peroxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lipid is generally thought to represent the initial step in a series of modification reactions that ultimately transform the protein moiety of the lipoprotein into a form recognized by receptors different from those that bind native LDL. Uptake of LDL via these alternative receptors can lead to the formation of lipid-laden cells, which are typical for the early stages of atherogenesis. We have studied the oxidative modification of LDL by hypochlorite (-OCl), a powerful oxidant produced from H2O2 and chloride via the action of myeloperoxidase which is released from activated neutrophils and monocytes. Exposure of LDL to reagent or enzymically generated -OCl at 4 or 37 degrees C resulted in immediate and preferential oxidation of amino acid residues of apolipoprotein B-100, the single protein associated with LDL. Lysine residues quantitatively represented the major target and, like tryptophan, were oxidized to approximately the same extent with reagent or enzymically generated -OCl. In contrast, LDL lipid oxidation was less favoured than protein oxidation, as judged by the amounts of lipid hydroperoxides, chlorohydrins, cholesterol or fatty acid oxidation products formed. Treatment with -OCl caused aggregation of LDL, as shown by an increased turbidity of the oxidized LDL solution and elution from a size-exclusion h.p.l.c. column of high-molecular-mass LDL complexes. Chemical modification of lysine residues before oxidation with -OCl prevented aggregation, while it enhanced the extent of lipid peroxidation. Treatment of LDL with -OCl also caused the formation of carbonyl groups and release of ammonia; both these modifications were inhibited by lysine-residue modification before oxidation. These results demonstrate that aggregation reactions are dependent on initial lysine oxidation by -OCl, followed by deamination and carbonyl formation, but do not involve lipid (per)oxidation. We propose that the observed -OCl-mediated aggregation of LDL is caused, at least in part, by cross-linking of apoproteins by Schiff-base formation independently of lipid peroxidation.

SUBMITTER: Hazell LJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1137223 | biostudies-other | 1994 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lipid is thought to represent the initial step in a series of oxidative modification reactions that ultimately transform this lipoprotein into an atherogenic high-uptake form that can cause lipid accumulation in cells. We have studied the effects of hypochlorite, a powerful oxidant released by activated monocytes and neutrophils, on isolated LDL. Exposure of LDL to reagent hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 4 degrees C resulted in immediate and preferential oxidation of amino acid residues of apoprotein B-100, the single protein associated with LDL. Neither lipoprotein lipid nor LDL-associated antioxidants, except ubiquinol-10, represented major targets for this oxidant. Even when high concentrations of NaOCl were used, only low levels of lipid hydroperoxides could be detected with the highly sensitive h.p.l.c. post-column chemiluminescence detection method. Lysine residues of apoprotein B-100 quantitatively represented the major target, scavenging some 68% of the NaOCl added, with tryptophan and cysteine together accounting for an additional 10% of the oxidant. Concomitant with the loss of LDL's amino groups, chloramines were formed and the anionic surface charge of the lipoprotein particle increased, indicated by a 3-4-fold increase in electrophoretic mobility above that of native LDL on agarose gels. While both these changes could be initially reversed by physiological reductants such as ascorbic acid and methionine, incubation of the NaOCl-modified LDL at 37 degrees C resulted in increasing resistance of the modified lysine residues against reductive reversal. Exposure of mouse peritoneal macrophages to NaOCl-oxidized LDL resulted in increased intracellular concentrations of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. These findings suggest that lipid-soluble antioxidants associated with LDL do not efficiently protect the lipoprotein against oxidative damage mediated by hypochlorite, and that extensive lipid oxidation is not a necessary requirement for oxidative LDL modification that leads to a high-uptake form of the lipoprotein.

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Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein by hypochlorite causes aggregation that is mediated by modification of lysine residues rather than lipid oxidation.

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