Cloning, characterization and import studies on protochlorophyllide reductase from wheat (Triticum aestivum).
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Teakle GR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1137677 | biostudies-other | 1993 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding regulatory RNAs that regulate gene expression by guiding target mRNA cleavage or translational inhibition. So far, identification of miRNAs has been limited to a few model plant species, such as Arabidopsis, rice and Populus, whose genomes have been sequenced. Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide. To date, only a few conserved miRNAs have been predicted in wheat and the computational identification of wheat miRNAs requires the genome sequence, which is unknown. RESULTS: To identify novel as well as conserved miRNAs in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), we constructed a small RNA library. High throughput sequencing of the library and subsequent analysis revealed the identification of 58 miRNAs, comprising 43 miRNA families. Of these, 35 miRNAs belong to 20 conserved miRNA families. The remaining 23 miRNAs are novel and form 23 miRNA families in wheat; more importantly, 4 of these new miRNAs (miR506, miR510, miR514 and miR516) appear to be monocot-specific. Northern blot analysis indicated that some of the new miRNAs are preferentially expressed in certain tissues. Based on sequence homology, we predicted 46 potential targets. Thus, we have identified a large number of monocot-specific and wheat-specific miRNAs. These results indicate that both conserved and wheat-specific miRNAs play important roles in wheat growth and development, stress responses and other physiological processes. CONCLUSION: This study led to the discovery of 58 wheat miRNAs comprising 43 miRNA families; 20 of these families are conserved and 23 are novel in wheat. It provides a first large scale cloning and characterization of wheat miRNAs and their predicted targets.
| S-EPMC2394755 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Argonaute proteins are key components of RNA interference (RNAi), playing important roles in RNA-directed gene silencing. Various classes of Argonaute genes have been identified from plants and might be involved in developmental regulation. However, little is known about these genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum). RESULTS: In this study, two full-length cDNAs of Argonaute were cloned from wheat, designated as TaAGO1b and TaAGO4. The cDNA of TaAGO1b is 3273 bp long and encodes 868 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of ~97.78 kDa and pI of 9.29. The 3157-bp TaAGO4 encodes 916 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 102.10 kDa and pI of 9.12. Genomics analysis showed that TaAGO1b and TaAGO4 contain 20 and 18 introns, respectively. Protein structural analysis demonstrated that typical PAZ and PIWI domains were found in both TaAGO1b and TaAGO4. From the highly conserved PIWI domains, we detected conserved Asp-Asp-His (DDH) motifs that function as a catalytic triad and have critical roles during the process of sequence-specific cleavage in the RNAi machinery. Structural modelling indicated that both TaAGOs can fold to a specific ?/? structure. Moreover, the three aligned DDH residues are spatially close to each other at the "slicer" site of the PIWI domain. Expression analysis indicated that both genes are ubiquitously expressed in vegetative and reproductive organs, including the root, stem, leaf, anther, ovule, and seed. However, they are differentially expressed in germinating endosperm tissues. We were interested to learn that the two TaAGOs are also differentially expressed in developing wheat plants and that their expression patterns are variously affected by vernalization treatment. Further investigation revealed that they can be induced by cold accumulation during vernalization. CONCLUSIONS: Two putative wheat Argonaute genes, TaAGO1b and TaAGO4, were cloned. Phylogenetic analysis, prediction of conserved domains and catalytic motifs, and modelling of their protein structures suggested that they encode functional Argonaute proteins. Temporal and spatial expression analyses indicated that these genes are potentially involved in developmental regulation of wheat plants.
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Project description:Transcript changes in response to low temperature
2014-12-31 | GSE58805 | GEO
Project description:Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) are of great importance in processing quality and participate in the formation of polymers in wheat. In this study, eight new LMW-GS alleles were isolated from Chinese wheat landraces (Triticum aestivum L.) and designated as Glu-A3-1a, Glu-A3-1b, Glu-B3-1a, Glu-B3-1b, Glu-B3-1c, Glu-D3-1a, Glu-D3-1b, and Glu-D3-1c, which were located at the Glu-A3, Glu-B3, and Glu-D3 loci, respectively. Based on the proteins encoded, the number of deduced amino acids of Glu-B3 alleles was approximately 50 more than those of Glu-A3 and Glu-D3 alleles. The first cysteine of Glu-A3 and Glu-D3 alleles was located at the N-terminal domain, while that of Glu-B3 alleles was found in the repetitive domain, which may lead to the different functioning in forming disulfide bonds. All the eight genes were LMW-m types and the new allele of Glu-B3-1a which had nine cysteine residues may be the desirable LMW-GS gene for improving bread-making quality.
| S-EPMC4005046 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. Three very similar proteins, each of approx. 120 amino acid residues but lacking phenylalanine and histidine, were isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum) flour in sufficient quantities for further structural studies. 2. Each protein, after reduction and carboxymethylation, was cleaved at the three methionine residues with CNBr to give four major peptides, which were isolated. These peptides are suitable for future sequencing studies, as the sums of their amino acid compositions are in good agreement with those of the whole proteins. 3. The N- and C-terminal peptides were identified. 4. Evidence from amino acid analyses, N-terminal amino acids and electrophoretic mobilities of the peptides suggests a high degree of homology between the proteins. Definite differences in C-terminal amino acids and the number of glycine, alanine and arginine residues were found in the C-terminal peptides.
| S-EPMC1165680 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundGrain weight is an important yield component. Selection of advanced lines with heavy grains show high grain sink potentials and strong sink activity, which is an increasingly important objective in wheat breeding programs. Rice OsGS3 has been identified as a major quantitative trait locus for both grain weight and grain size. However, allelic variation of GS3 has not been characterized previously in hexaploid wheat.ResultsWe cloned 2445, 2393, and 2409 bp sequences of the homologs TaGS3-4A, TaGS3-7A, and TaGS3-7D in wheat 'Changzhi 6406', a cultivar that shows high grain weight. The TaGS3 genes each contained five exons and four introns, and encoded a deduced protein of 170, 169, and 169 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of plant GS3 protein sequences revealed GS3 to be a monocotyledon-specific gene and the GS3 proteins were resolved into three classes. The length of the atypical Gγ domain and the cysteine-rich region was conserved within each class and not conserved between classes. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the fifth exon (at position 1907) of TaGS3-7A leads to an amino acid change (ALA/THR) and showed different frequencies in two pools of Chinese wheat accessions representing extremes in grain weight. Association analysis indicated that the TaGS3-7A-A allele was associated with higher grain weight in the natural population. The TaGS3-7A-A allele was favoured in global modern wheat cultivars but the allelic frequency varied among different wheat-production regions of China, which indicated that this allele is of potential utility to improve wheat grain weight in certain wheat-production areas of China.ConclusionsThe novel molecular information on wheat GS3 homologs and the KASP functional marker designed in this study may be useful in marker-assisted breeding for genetic improvement of wheat.
| S-EPMC6921503 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Lysates of protoplasts from the endosperm of developing grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were fractionated on density gradients of Nycodenz to give amyloplasts. Enzyme distribution on the gradients suggested that: (i) starch synthase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase are confined to the amyloplasts; (ii) pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase are confined to the cytosol; (iii) a significant proportion (23-45%) of each glycolytic enzyme, from phosphoglucomutase to pyruvate kinase inclusive, is in the amyloplast. Starch synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and each of the glycolytic enzymes showed appreciable latency when assayed in unfractionated lysates of protoplasts. No activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was found in amyloplasts or in homogenates of endosperm. Antibody to plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase did not react positively, in an immunoblot analysis, with any protein in extracts of wheat endosperm. It is argued that wheat endosperm lacks significant plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and that carbon for starch synthesis does not enter the amyloplast as a C-3 compound but probably as hexose phosphate.
| S-EPMC1135240 | biostudies-other
Project description:In present experiment we evaluated the effects of the utrasonication of winter wheat seeds on seedling growth and development. Effect of treatment on the gene transcription and DNA methylation of seedlings were evaluated.
2022-09-14 | GSE200377 | GEO
Project description:BackgroundThe analyses of protein synthesis, accumulation and regulation during grain development in wheat are more complex because of its larger genome size compared to model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice. In this study, grains from two wheat cultivars Jimai 20 and Zhoumai 16 with different gluten quality properties were harvested at five development stages, and were used to displayed variable expression patterns of grain proteins.ResultsProteome characterization during grain development in Chinese bread wheat cultivars Jimai 20 and Zhoumai 16 with different quality properties was investigated by 2-DE and tandem MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Identification of 117 differentially accumulated protein spots representing 82 unique proteins and five main expression patterns enabled a chronological description of wheat grain formation. Significant proteome expression differences between the two cultivars were found; these included 14 protein spots that accumulated in both cultivars but with different patterns and 27 cultivar-different spots. Among the cultivar-different protein spots, 14 accumulated in higher abundance in Jimai 20 than in Zhoumai 16, and included NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, triticin precursor, LMW-s glutenin subunit and replication factor C-like protein. These proteins are likely to be associated with superior gluten quality. In addition, some proteins such as class II chitinase and peroxidase 1 with isoforms in developing grains were shown to be phosphorylated by Pro-Q Diamond staining and phosphorprotein site prediction. Phosphorylation could have important roles in wheat grain development. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that transcriptional and translational expression patterns of many genes were significantly different.ConclusionsWheat grain proteins displayed variable expression patterns at different developmental stages and a considerable number of protein spots showed differential accumulation between two cultivars. Differences in seed storage proteins were considered to be related to different quality performance of the flour from these wheat cultivars. Some proteins with isoforms were phosphorylated, and this may reflect their importance in grain development. Our results provide new insights into proteome characterization during grain development in different wheat genotypes.
| S-EPMC3480910 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundOrnithine aminotransferase (OAT, EC:2.6.1.13), alternatively known as ornithine delta aminotransferase (δOAT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme involved in the conversion of ornithine into glutamyl-5-semi-aldehyde (GSA) and vice versa. Up till now, there has been no study on OAT in wheat despite the success of its isolation from rice, maize, and sorghum. This study focuses on identification and molecular characterization of OAT in wheat.ResultsIn total, three homeologous OAT genes in wheat genome were found on chromosome group 5, named as TaOAT-5AL, TaOAT-5BL, and TaOAT-5DL. Sequence alignment between gDNA and its corresponding cDNA obtained a total of ten exons and nine introns. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and results indicated that OATs shared highly conserved domains between monocots and eudicots, which was further illustrated by using WebLogo to generate a sequence logo. Further subcellular localization analysis indicated that they functioned in mitochondria. Protein-protein interactions supported their role in proline biosynthesis through interactions with genes, such as delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), involved in the proline metabolic pathway. Promoter analysis exposed the presence of several stress responsive elements, implying their involvement in stress regulation. Expression profiling illustrated that TaOAT was highly induced in the wheat plants exposed to drought or salt stress condition. Upregulated expression of TaOATs was observed in stamens and at the heading stage. A potential role of TaOAT genes during floret development was also revealed. Furthermore, the transgenic plants overexpressing TaOAT showed enhanced tolerance to drought stress by increasing proline accumulation. In addition, salt tolerance of the transgenic plants was also enhanced.ConclusionTaOATs genes were involved in proline synthesis and nitrogen remobilization because they interacted with genes related to proline biosynthesis enzymes and arginine catabolism. In addition, TaOAT genes had a role in abiotic stress tolerance and a potential role in floret development. The results of this study may propose future research in the improvement of wheat resistance to abiotic stresses.
| S-EPMC7189522 | biostudies-literature