A lectin from elder (Sambucus nigra L.) bark.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Broekaert WF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1144016 | biostudies-other | 1984 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:A previously unknown haemagglutinin, named Sambucus nigra agglutinin-III (SNA-III), has been purified from the fruit of the elder (Sambucus nigra). Whereas elder bark agglutinin I (SNA-I) is highly specific for terminal alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid residues, SNA-III displays a high affinity for oligosaccharides containing exposed N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose residues. Different N-terminal sequences and the amino acid composition distinguish the fruit lectin from elder bark agglutinin II (SNA-II), which shows a similar carbohydrate specificity. The 40-fold higher affinity of SNA-III for asialofetuin than for human asialo-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and human asialotransferrin respectively suggests a preference for O-linked glycans. SNA-III occurs mainly as a monomeric glycoprotein, but tends to form di- and oligo-meric aggregates. This aggregation seems to mediate the multivalent interaction, leading to agglutination. SDS/PAGE revealed two major polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 32 and 33 kDa respectively. This heterogeneity is probably a result of proteolysis in the C-terminal region. Binding to concanavalin A and susceptibility to peptide: N-glycosidase F indicated the presence of N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides.
| S-EPMC1151398 | biostudies-other
Project description:Elder products are still underutilized sources of phytochemicals, mainly polyphenols, with extensive pharmacological effects on the human body. In this study, gingerbread cookies covered in chocolate (GC) were enriched with elderflower dry extract (EF) and juice concentrate (EB). The cookies (GC, GCEF, and GCEFEB) and the additives (EF and EB) were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic compound profile, antioxidant capacity (AC), and advanced glycation end products' (AGEs) formation in both the free and bound phenolic fractions. Sensory analysis of the cookies was performed using an effective acceptance test (9-point hedonic scale), and purchase intent was evaluated using a 5-point scale. It was found that the flavonoid content was significantly increased (20-60%) when EF and EB were added to the cookies. Moreover, the EF addition to chocolate-covered GCs enhanced the content of phenolic acids (up to 28%) in the bound phenolic fraction. An increase in the AC values of enriched cookies was found, and the free phenolic fraction differed significantly in this regard. However, inhibition of AGEs by elder products was only observed in the bound phenolic fraction. In addition, EF and EB improved the overall acceptance of the cookies, mostly their taste and texture. Thus, elder products appear to be valuable additives to gingerbread cookies, providing good sensory quality and functional food characteristics.
| S-EPMC9865192 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A novel virus infecting elderberry was identified by high-throughput Illumina sequencing of double strand RNAs isolated form elderberry leaves. The complete genome sequence obtained (4512 nucleotides in length) shows an organization typical for aureusviruses, with five open reading frames (ORFs) and the typical ORF1-RT expression by the readthrough of an amber stop codon. The analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and coat protein (CP) sequences showed the highest identity (respectively 75.7% and 55%) with the corresponding amino acid sequences of Pothos latent virus. These two values, below the species demarcation criteria for the genus, indicate that the detected virus is a new member of genus Aureusvirus, family Tombusviridae, with the proposed name Elderberry aureusvirus 1 (ElAV1). A survey confirmed the wide distribution of ElAV1 in elderberry in the Czech Republic. Phylogenetic analyses of RdRp and CP sequences showed distinct microevolution of geographically separated isolates, with a tendency for isolates coming from close localities or from the same region to cluster together but heterogeneity of viral populations down to a local scale was also observed. The symptomatology of the new virus is not fully clear, but many infected trees were either asymptomatic or showed mild chlorotic mosaics. More severe symptoms, potentially impacting yields of flowers or berries, were observed in plants with mixed infections of ElAV1 and other elderberry viruses. Further efforts are now needed to determine ElAV1 prevalence outside the Czech Republic and to unravel its epidemiology.
| S-EPMC6095521 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of teas prepared from twenty-four commercially available berries and flowers of Sambucus nigra L. in relation to their phenolic profile, as reflected by the most representative phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic and syringic acids); flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin and rutin); and total phenolic (TPC), phenolic acid (TAC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents. The infusions prepared from elderflowers contained more abundant phenolic compounds than the elderberry infusions. The TPC of these infusions ranged from 19.81 to 23.90 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight of sample (GAE/g DW) for elderberries and from 15.23 to 35.57 mg GAE/g DW for elderflowers, whereas the TFC ranged from 2.60 to 4.49 mg of rutin equivalents/g dry weight of sample (RUTE/g DW) in elderberry infusions and from 5.27 to 13.19 mg RUTE/g DW in elderflower infusions. Among the phenolic compounds quantified in this study, quercetin (2.07-9.48 mg/g DW) and myricetin (1.17-9.62 mg/g DW) had the highest concentrations in the teas prepared from berries and flowers, respectively. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of elder infusions assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays revealed that the teas prepared from flowers had higher mean DPPH and FRAP activities than the teas prepared from berries. Therefore, elder beverages could be important dietary sources of natural antioxidants that contribute to the prevention of diseases caused by oxidative stress.
| S-EPMC5325840 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The main goal of this study was to chemically characterize an aqueous S. nigra flower extract and validate it as a bioactive agent. The elderflower aqueous extraction was performed at different temperatures (50, 70 and 90 °C). The extract obtained at 90 °C exhibited the highest phenolic content and antiradical activity. Therefore, this extract was analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-MS, which allowed the identification of 46 compounds, being quercetin and chlorogenic acid derivatives representative of 86% of the total of phenolic compounds identified in hydrophilic fraction of the aqueous extract. Naringenin (27.2%) was the major compound present in the lipophilic fraction. The antiproliferative effects of the S. nigra extract were evaluated using the colon cancer cell lines RKO, HCT-116, Caco-2 and the extract's antigenotoxic potential was evaluated by the Comet assay in RKO cells. The RKO cells were the most susceptible to S. nigra flower extract (IC50 = 1250 µg mL-1). Moreover, the extract showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. These results show that S. nigra-based extracts can be an important dietary source of bioactive phenolic compounds that contribute to health-span improving life quality, demonstrating their potential as nutraceutical, functional foods and/or cosmetic components for therapeutic purposes.
| S-EPMC8391949 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Despite the high value of Portuguese elderberries, recognized for decades by European markets, only a few studies address their beneficial effects at cellular level. Aiming to explore the anti-inflammatory and the cellular antioxidant potential characterized extracts from the three main Portuguese elderberry cultivars (Sabugueiro, Sabugueira, Bastardeira) were used. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells pre-exposed to elderberry extracts exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide release, evidencing anti-inflammatory activity. Concerning cellular antioxidant protection, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells pre-exposure to elderberry extracts (50 µg/mL) prevented up-to 90 % of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)-induced toxicity. In Caco-2 cells, elderberry extracts prevented glutathione depletion, reactive oxygen species production, abnormal morphological changes and DNA fragmentation, in response to t-BOOH oxidative insult. Results demonstrated that elderberries have high potential in reducing cellular oxidative stress as well as in preventing inflammatory processes. Thus, elderberries have high potential as health promoters, acting as functional foods or as sources of nutraceuticals.
| S-EPMC9532789 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sambucus nigra L. (S. nigra) is a shrub widespread in Europe and western Asia, traditionally used in medicine, that has become popular in recent years as a potential source of a wide range of interesting bioactive compounds. The aim of the present work was to develop a topical S. nigra extract formulation based on ethosomes and thus to support its health claims with scientific evidence. S. nigra extract was prepared by an ultrasound-assisted method and then included in ethosomes. The ethosomes were analyzed in terms of their size, stability over time, morphology, entrapment capacity (EC), extract release profile, stability over time and several biological activities. The prepared ethosomes were indicated to be well defined, presenting sizes around 600 nm. The extract entrapment capacity in ethosomes was 73.9 ± 24.8%, with an interesting slow extract release profile over 24 h. The extract-loaded ethosomes presented collagenase inhibition activity and a very good skin compatibility after human application. This study demonstrates the potential use of S. nigra extract incorporated in ethosomes as a potential cosmeceutical ingredient and on further studies should be performed to better understand the impact of S. nigra compounds on skin care over the time.
| S-EPMC8155848 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ovarian carcinoma (OC) patients encounter the severe challenge of clinical management owing to lack of screening measures, chemoresistance and finally dearth of non-toxic therapeutics. Cancer cells deploy various defense strategies to sustain the tumor microenvironment, among which deregulated apoptosis remains a versatile promoter of cancer progression. Although recent research has focused on identifying agents capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, yet molecules efficiently breaching their survival advantage are yet to be classified. Here we identify lectin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) to exhibit selectivity towards identifying OC by virtue of its specific recognition of α-2, 6-linked sialic acids. Superficial binding of SNA to the OC cells confirm the hyper-sialylated status of the disease. Further, SNA activates the signaling pathways of AKT and ERK1/2, which eventually promotes de-phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1). Upon its translocation to the mitochondrial fission loci Drp-1 mediates the central role of switch in the mitochondrial phenotype to attain fragmented morphology. We confirmed mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization resulting in ROS generation and cytochrome-c release into the cytosol. SNA response resulted in an allied shift of the bioenergetics profile from Warburg phenotype to elevated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, altogether highlighting the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in restraining cancer progression. Inability to replenish the SNA-induced energy crunch of the proliferating cancer cells on the event of perturbed respiratory outcome resulted in cell cycle arrest before G2/M phase. Our findings position SNA at a crucial juncture where it proves to be a promising candidate for impeding progression of OC. Altogether we unveil the novel aspect of identifying natural molecules harboring the inherent capability of targeting mitochondrial structural dynamics, to hold the future for developing non-toxic therapeutics for treating OC.
| S-EPMC5520748 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The elder (Sambucus spp.) tree has a number of uses in traditional medicine. Previous studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial properties of elderberry liquid extract against human pathogenic bacteria and also influenza viruses. These properties have been mainly attributed to phenolic compounds. However, other plant defense molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), may be present. Here, we studied peptide extracts from flowers of Sambucus nigra L. The mass spectrometry analyses determined peptides of 3 to 3.6 kDa, among them, cysteine-rich peptides were identified with antimicrobial activity against various Gram-negative bacteria, including recurrent pathogens of Chilean aquaculture. In addition, membrane blebbing on the bacterial surface after exposure to the cyclotide was visualized by SEM microscopy and SYTOX Green permeabilization assay showed the ability to disrupt the bacterial membrane. We postulate that these peptides exert their action by destroying the bacterial membrane.
| S-EPMC6100021 | biostudies-literature