Binding of the asymmetric forms of acetylcholinesterase to heparin.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Brandan E
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1144053 | biostudies-other | 1984 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The collagen-like tail of asymmetric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) contains two heparin-binding domains (HBDs) that interact with heparan sulphate proteoglycans, determining the anchoring of the enzyme at the basal lamina and its specific localization at the neuromuscular junction. Both HBDs are characterized by a cluster of basic residues containing a core with the BBXB consensus sequence (where B represents a basic residue and X a non-basic residue). To study the interaction of such HBDs with heparin we have used synthetic peptides to model the N-terminal and C-terminal sites. CD spectroscopy showed that all peptides are triple-helical at low temperatures, and undergo trimer-to-monomer transitions. Displacement assays of asymmetric AChE bound to heparin were performed using the peptides in both monomeric and triple-helical states. In the monomeric conformation, all the peptides were able to displace low levels of AChE depending on the basic charge content. In the triple-helical conformation, peptides containing the consensus sequence showed a large increase in the ability to displace bound AChE. Results suggest that the specific binding of the collagen-like-tail peptides to heparin depends both on the presence of the core sequence and on the triple-helical conformation. Moreover, BBXB-containing peptides that are less stable are more effective in displacing AChE, suggesting that the interaction region needs a significant amount of structural flexibility to better accommodate the ligand.
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Project description:The effect of heparin, a sulphated glycosaminoglycan, on the solubilization of rat sciatic-nerve acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase; AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) was studied. It was found that heparin solubilized esterase activity from ligated nerves. Sedimentation analysis revealed this activity to be mainly the 16S form. Chondroitin sulphate did not solubilize AChE activity, and protamine eliminated the solubilizing effect. Our results suggest the involvement of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in the intra-axonal localization and transport of 16S AChE.
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Project description:The inflammation-associated long pentraxin PTX3 plays key roles in innate immunity, female fertility, and vascular biology (e.g. it inhibits FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2)-mediated angiogenesis). PTX3 is composed of multiple protomers, each composed of distinct N- and C-terminal domains; however, it is not known how these are organized or contribute to its functional properties. Here, biophysical analyses reveal that PTX3 is composed of eight identical protomers, associated through disulfide bonds, forming an elongated and asymmetric, molecule with two differently sized domains interconnected by a stalk. The N-terminal region of the protomer provides the main structural determinant underlying this quaternary organization, supporting formation of a disulfide-linked tetramer and a dimer of dimers (a non-covalent tetramer), giving rise to the asymmetry of the molecule. Furthermore, the PTX3 octamer is shown to contain two FGF2 binding sites, where it is the tetramers that act as the functional units in ligand recognition. Thus, these studies provide a unifying model of the PTX3 oligomer, explaining both its quaternary organization and how this is required for its antiangiogenic function.
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Project description:1. A number of methods of solubilization of pig brain acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) were studied. The multiple enzymic forms of the resultant preparations were examined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. Butanol extraction, Nagarase treatment and ultrasonication proved unsuitable as preparatory methods, but detergent treatment (Triton X-100, Triton X-100-KCl and lysolecithin) gave good yields. 3. Separation of soluble enzyme in three systems of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis were compared and the relative advantages are discussed. 4. By using a 6% (w/v) gel and continuous buffer system two forms of acetylcholinesterase were detected in Triton X-100-solubilized enzyme, but the incorporation of a sample and spacer gel and a discontinuous buffer system resolved this into four components. The forms of the soluble enzyme extracted by different methods differed in mobility. 5. With gradient polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis between two and six forms were detected, depending on the method used for extraction. The average molecular weights of the five forms most frequently found were 60000, 130000, 198000, 266000 and 350000. 6. Treatment of the Triton X-100-extracted enzyme with 2.5m-urea altered the pattern and evidence of dissociation was observed. 7. The results are discussed in the light of present theories on the molecular structure of acetylcholinesterase.
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Project description:1. Acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes was solubilized with Triton X-100 in strong salt solution and partially purified by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation. This preparation showed three main bands of enzyme activity after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and incubation with either alpha-naphthyl acetate or acetylthiocholine as enzyme substrate. Two of the multiple forms were completely inhibited by 10mum-eserine and one only partially. Treatment with neuraminidase had no effect on the electrophoretic pattern; therefore sialic acid does not appear to determine or affect the ratios of the acetylcholinesterase multiple forms, unlike those of the serum cholinesterase. 2. Chromatography of the preparation on Sephadex G-200 revealed one major peak of enzyme activity and a suggestion of two minor zones of mol.wt. 546000, 184000 and 93000 (i.e. in the proportion 6:2:1). The main peak was almost completely separated from the Triton X-100 and the overall purification was about 600-fold. Further attempts to purify the enzyme by absorption on calcium phosphate gels were unsuccessful. 3. Electrophoresis of the enzyme preparation on a polyacrylamide gradient for 24h revealed three main bands that corresponded to the three values for molecular weights obtained by column chromatography. After 70h of electrophoresis a further three zones of activity developed making six molecular entities, the molecular weights of which were simple multiples of a monomer, thus resembling the cholinesterase found in serum.
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Project description:Lipoprotein lipase has been shown to bind to, be internalized by, and perhaps be transferred through, a variety of cells. These processes may involve a heparin-like cell-surface receptor and passage through acidified cell compartments. We have therefore studied effects of low pH on the binding of the lipase to heparin and on its catalytic activity. The rate of inactivation of the lipase in solution was found to increase as the pH was lowered. Addition of heparin stabilized the enzyme. Binding of active lipoprotein lipase to heparin-Sepharose could be demonstrated at pH down to 6.5. At pH below 6, binding could not be studied directly because the lipase was too unstable in solution. Lipase bound to heparin-Sepharose could, however, be exposed to pH 4.5 at 10 degrees C with little loss of activity. Binding to heparin-Sepharose also stabilized under physiological conditions (37 degrees C, 0.15 M-NaCl, pH 5.5-7.4). Catalytically inactive lipoprotein lipase retained the ability to bind to heparin-Sepharose. Higher concentrations of salt were needed to displace both active and inactive lipase from heparin-Sepharose at lower pH, indicating that the affinity increased as pH was lowered. The inactive lipase was, however, displaced by lower concentrations of salt than was active lipase.
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Project description:A specific pentasaccharide sequence of heparin binds with high affinity to native antithrombin and induces a conformational change in the inhibitor by a previously described two-step interaction mechanism. In this work, the interactions of heparin with the antiangiogenic latent and cleaved antithrombin forms were studied. Binding of heparin to these antithrombin forms was specific for the same pentasaccharide sequence as native antithrombin. Rapid kinetic studies demonstrated that this pentasaccharide induced a conformational change also in latent and cleaved antithrombin. The binding affinities of these antithrombin forms for the pentasaccharide, as compared to native antithrombin, were approximately 30-fold lower due to two to three fewer ionic interactions, resulting in less stable conformationally altered states. Affinities of latent and cleaved antithrombin for longer heparin chains, containing the pentasaccharide sequence, were 2-fold lower than for the pentasaccharide itself. This contrasts the interaction with native antithrombin and demonstrates that residues flanking the pentasaccharide sequence of heparin are repelled by the latent and cleaved forms. These findings contribute to delineating the mechanism by which heparin or heparan sulfate mediates antiangiogenic activity of antithrombin.
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Project description:In the cercarial and schistosomal stages of the life cycle of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, acetylcholinesterase occurs as two principal molecular forms (both globular), present in approximately equal amounts, with sedimentation coefficients of 6.5 S and 8 S. The 6.5 S form is solubilized by bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from intact schistosomula. It is thus located on the outer surface of the schistosomal tegument and is most probably analogous to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored G(2) form of acetylcholinesterase found in the electric organ of Torpedo, on the surface of mammalian erythrocytes, and elsewhere. Both forms are fully solubilized by the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. Upon passing such a detergent extract over a heparin-Sepharose column, only the 8 S form was retained on the column. The bound acetylcholinesterase could be progressively eluted by increasing the salt concentration, with approx. 0.5-0.6 M NaCl being needed for complete elution. Selective inhibition experiments carried out on live parasites using the covalent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor echothiophate (phospholine), which does not penetrate the tegument, selectively inhibited the 6.5 S form, but not the 8 S form, suggesting an internal location for the latter. Monoclonal antibodies raised against S. mansoni acetylcholinesterase also distinguished between the two forms. Thus monoclonal antibody SA7 bound the 6.5 S form selectively, whereas SA57 recognized the 8 S form. The selective binding of the 8 S form to heparin suggests that, within the parasite, this form may be associated with the extracellular matrix of the musculature.
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Project description:We previously introduced random mutations in the sugar-binding loops of a leguminous lectin and screened the resulting mutated lectins for novel specificities using cell surface display. Screening of a mutated peanut agglutinin (PNA), revealed a mutated PNA with a distinct preference for heparin. Glycan microarray analyses using the mutated lectin fused to the Fc region of human immunoglobulin, revealed that a particular sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), heparin, had the highest binding affinity for mutated PNA among 97 glycans tested, although wild-type PNA showed affinity towards Gal?1-3GalNAc and similar galactosylated glycans. Further analyses of binding specificity using an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay demonstrated that the mutated PNA specifically binds to heparin, and weakly to de-2-O-sulfated heparin, but not to other GAG chains including de-6-O-sulfated and de-N-sulfated heparins. The mutated PNA had six amino acid substitutions within the eight amino acid-long sugar-binding loop. In this loop, the heparin-binding like motif comprised three arginine residues at positions 124, 128, and 129, and a histidine at position 125 was present. Substitution of each arginine or histidine residue to alanine reduced heparin-binding ability, indicating that all of these basic amino acid residues contributed to heparin binding. Inhibition assay demonstrated that heparin and dextran sulfate strongly inhibited mutated PNA binding to heparin in dose-dependent manner. The mutated PNA could distinguish between CHO cells and proteoglycan-deficient mutant cells. This is the first report establishing a novel leguminous lectin that preferentially binds to highly sulfated heparin and may provide novel GAG-binding probes to distinguish between heterogeneous GAG repeating units.
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