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Laser-flash-photolysis studies of p-cresol methylhydroxylase. Electron-transfer properties of the flavin and haem components.

ABSTRACT: p-Cresol methylhydroxylase, a heterodimer consisting of one flavoprotein subunit and one cytochrome c subunit, may be resolved into its subunits, and the holoenzyme may then be fully reconstituted from the pure subunits. In the present study we have characterized the reduction kinetics of the intact enzyme and its subunits, by using exogenous 5-deazariboflavin semiquinone radical generated in the presence of EDTA by the laser-flash-photolysis technique. Under anaerobic conditions the 5-deazariboflavin semiquinone radical reacts rapidly with the native enzyme with a rate constant approaching that of a diffusion-controlled reaction (k = 2.8 X 10(9) M-1 X s-1). Time-resolved difference spectra at pH 7.6 indicate that both flavin and haem are reduced initially by the deazariboflavin semiquinone radical, followed by an additional slower intramolecular electron transfer (k = 220 s-1) from the endogenous neutral flavin semiquinone radical to the oxidized haem moiety of the native enzyme. During the steady-state photochemical titration of the native enzyme at pH 7.6 with deazariboflavin semiquinone radical generated by light-irradiation the haem appeared to be reduced before the protein-bound flavin and was followed by the formation of the protein-bound anionic flavin radical. This result suggests that the redox potential of the haem is higher than that of the flavin, and that deprotonation of the flavin neutral radical occurred during the photochemical titration. Reduction kinetics of the flavoprotein and cytochrome subunits were also investigated by laser-flash photolysis. The protein-bound flavin of the isolated flavin subunit was reduced rapidly by the deazariboflavin semiquinone radical (k = 2.2 X 10(9) M-1 X s-1), as was the haem of the pure cytochrome c subunit (k = 3.7 X 10(9) M-1 X s-1). Flash-induced difference spectra obtained for the flavoprotein and cytochrome subunits at pH 7.6 were consistent with the formation of neutral flavin semiquinone radical and reduced haem, respectively. Investigation of the kinetic properties of the neutral flavin semiquinone radical of the flavoprotein subunit at pH 7.6 and at longer times (up to 5s) were consistent with a slow first-order deprotonation reaction (k = 1 s-1) of the neutral radical to its anionic form.

SUBMITTER: Bhattacharyya A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1144991 | biostudies-other | 1985 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:UnlabelledShewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 is widely studied for its ability to respire a diverse array of soluble and insoluble electron acceptors. The ability to breathe insoluble substrates is defined as extracellular electron transfer and can occur via direct contact or by electron shuttling in S. oneidensis. To determine the contribution of flavin electron shuttles in extracellular electron transfer, a transposon mutagenesis screen was performed with S. oneidensis to identify mutants unable to secrete flavins. A multidrug and toxin efflux transporter encoded by SO_0702 was identified and renamed bfe (bacterial flavin adenine dinucleotide [FAD] exporter) based on phenotypic characterization. Deletion of bfe resulted in a severe decrease in extracellular flavins, while overexpression of bfe increased the concentration of extracellular flavins. Strains lacking bfe had no defect in reduction of soluble Fe(III), but these strains were deficient in the rate of insoluble Fe(III) oxide reduction, which was alleviated by the addition of exogenous flavins. To test a different insoluble electron acceptor, graphite electrode bioreactors were set up to measure current produced by wild-type S. oneidensis and the ?bfe mutant. With the same concentration of supplemented flavins, the two strains produced similar amounts of current. However, when exogenous flavins were not supplemented to bioreactors, bfe mutant strains produced significantly less current than the wild type. We have demonstrated that flavin electron shuttling accounts for ~75% of extracellular electron transfer to insoluble substrates by S. oneidensis and have identified the first FAD transporter in bacteria.ImportanceExtracellular electron transfer by microbes is critical for the geochemical cycling of metals, bioremediation, and biocatalysis using electrodes. A controversy in the field was addressed by demonstrating that flavin electron shuttling, not direct electron transfer or nanowires, is the primary mechanism of extracellular electron transfer employed by the bacterium Shewanella oneidensis. We have identified a flavin adenine dinucleotide transporter conserved in all sequenced Shewanella species that facilitates export of flavin electron shuttles in S. oneidensis. Analysis of a strain that is unable to secrete flavins demonstrated that electron shuttling accounts for ~75% of the insoluble extracellular electron transfer capacity in S. oneidensis.

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Laser-flash-photolysis studies of p-cresol methylhydroxylase. Electron-transfer properties of the flavin and haem components.

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