ATP binding to bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. A photoaffinity labelling study.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Montecucco C
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1146554 | biostudies-other | 1986 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Subunits located near the cardiolipin binding sites of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) were identified by photolabeling with arylazido-cardiolipin analogues and detecting labeled subunits by reversed-phase HPLC and HPLC-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Two arylazido-containing cardiolipin analogues were synthesized: (1) 2-SAND-gly-CL with a nitrophenylazido group attached to the polar headgroup of cardiolipin (CL) via a linker containing a cleavable disulfide; (2) 2',2''-bis-(AzC12)-CL with two of the four fatty acid tails of cardiolipin replaced by 12-(N-4-azido-2-nitrophenyl) aminododecanoic acid. Both arylazido-CL derivatives were used to map the cardiolipin binding sites within two types of detergent-solubilized CcO: (1) intact 13-subunit CL-containing CcO (three to four molecules of endogenous CL remain bound per CcO monomer); (2) 11-subunit CL-free CcO (subunits VIa and VIb are missing because they dissociate during CL removal). Upon the basis of these photolabeling studies, we conclude that (1) subunits VIIa, VIIc, and possibly VIII are located near the two high-affinity cardiolipin binding sites, which are present in either form of CcO, and (2) subunit VIa is located adjacent to the lower affinity cardiolipin binding site, which is only present in the 13-subunit form of CcO. These data are consistent with the recent CcO crystal structure in which one cardiolipin is located near subunit VIIa and a second is located near subunit VIa (PDB ID code referenced in Tomitake, T. et al. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 15304-15309). However, we propose that a third cardiolipin is bound between subunits VIIa and VIIc near the entrance to the D-channel. Cardiolipin bound at this location could potentially function as a proton antenna to facilitate proton entry into the D-channel. If true, it would explain the CcO requirement of bound cardiolipin for full electron transport activity.
| S-EPMC2561917 | biostudies-literature
Project description:X-ray structures of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase have suggested that the enzyme, which reduces O(2) in a process coupled with a proton pumping process, contains a proton pumping pathway (H-pathway) composed of a hydrogen bond network and a water channel located in tandem across the enzyme. The hydrogen bond network includes the peptide bond between Tyr-440 and Ser-441, which could facilitate unidirectional proton transfer. Replacement of a possible proton-ejecting aspartate (Asp-51) at one end of the H-pathway with asparagine, using a stable bovine gene expression system, abolishes the proton pumping activity without influencing the O(2) reduction function. Blockage of either the water channel by a double mutation (Val386Leu and Met390Trp) or proton transfer through the peptide by a Ser441Pro mutation was found to abolish the proton pumping activity without impairment of the O(2) reduction activity. These results significantly strengthen the proposal that H-pathway is involved in proton pumping.
| S-EPMC1820732 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The biphasic effect of anions on the activity of isolated bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase is paralleled by changes in the visible oxidized spectra, indicating the different conformational changes in the enzyme induced by bromide, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, ADP and ATP. Photoaffinity-labelling of most subunits of the isolated enzyme by low concentrations of 8-azido-[gamma-32P]ATP is strongly increased by ATP, ADP and unlabelled 8-azido-ATP in an unspecific manner. With the reconstituted enzyme less subunits are labelled and this labelling is only little affected by nucleotides. The data suggest a highly dynamic structure for isolated bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase.
| S-EPMC1135144 | biostudies-other
Project description:All 13 lipids, including two cardiolipins, one phosphatidylcholine, three phosphatidylethanolamines, four phosphatidylglycerols and three triglycerides, were identified in a crystalline bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) preparation. The chain lengths and unsaturated bond positions of the fatty acid moieties determined by mass spectrometry suggest that each lipid head group identifies its specific binding site within CcOs. The X-ray structure demonstrates that the flexibility of the fatty acid tails facilitates their effective space-filling functions and that the four phospholipids stabilize the CcO dimer. Binding of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to the O(2) transfer pathway of CcO causes two palmitate tails of phosphatidylglycerols to block the pathway, suggesting that the palmitates control the O(2) transfer process.The phosphatidylglycerol with vaccenate (cis-Delta(11)-octadecenoate) was found in CcOs of bovine and Paracoccus denitrificans, the ancestor of mitochondrion, indicating that the vaccenate is conserved in bovine CcO in spite of the abundance of oleate (cis-Delta(9)-octadecenoate). The X-ray structure indicates that the protein moiety selects cis-vaccenate near the O(2) transfer pathway against trans-vaccenate. These results suggest that vaccenate plays a critical role in the O(2) transfer mechanism.
| S-EPMC1829383 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Epidermal growth factor (EGF), after binding to its receptor, activates a tyrosine-specific protein kinase which phosphorylates several substrates, including the EGF receptor itself. The effects of a photoaffinity analogue of ATP, 3'-O-(3-[N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino]propionyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (arylazido-beta-alanyl-ATP) on the EGF-dependent protein kinase in A431 human tumour cell plasma membrane vesicles was investigated. This analogue was capable of inactivating the EGF-receptor kinase in a photodependent manner. Partial inactivation occurred at an analogue concentration of 1 microM and complete inactivation occurred at 10 microM when a 2 min light exposure was used. Arylazido-beta-alanine at 100 microM and ATP at 100 microM were incapable of inactivating the enzyme with 2 min of light exposure. The photodependent inactivation of the enzyme by the analogue could be partially blocked by 20 mM-ATP and more effectively blocked by either 20 mM-adenosine 5'-[beta gamma-imido]triphosphate or 20 mM-guanosine 5'-[beta gamma-imido]triphosphate, indicating nucleotide-binding site specificity. Arylazido-beta-alanyl-[alpha-32P]ATP was capable of labelling membrane proteins in a photodependent manner. Numerous proteins were labelled, the most prominent of which ran with an apparent Mr of 53000 on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. A band of minor intensity was seen of Mr corresponding to the EGF receptor (170000). Immunoprecipitation of affinity-labelled and solubilized membranes with an anti-(EGF receptor) monoclonal antibody demonstrated that the Mr 170000 receptor protein was photoaffinity labelled by the analogue. The Mr 53000 peptide was not specifically bound by the anti-receptor antibody. The affinity labelling of the receptor was not enhanced by EGF, suggesting that EGF stimulation of the kinase activity does not result from changes in the affinity of the kinase for ATP. These studies demonstrate that arylazido-beta-alanyl-ATP interacts with the ATP-binding site of the EGF-receptor kinase with apparent high affinity and that this analogue is an effective photoaffinity label for the kinase. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate that the EGF receptor, identified by using monoclonal antibodies, contains an ATP-binding site, providing further confirmation that the EGF receptor and EGF-dependent protein kinase are domains of the Mr 170000 protein.
| S-EPMC1153683 | biostudies-other
Project description:Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is a multisubunit integral membrane complex consisting of 13 dissimilar subunits, as well as three to four tightly bound molecules of cardiolipin (CL). The monomeric unit of CcO is able to form a dimer and participate in the formation of supercomplexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The structural and functional integrity of the enzyme is crucially dependent on the full subunit complement and the presence of unperturbed bound CL. A direct consequence of subunit loss, CL removal, or its oxidative modification is the destabilization of the quaternary structure, loss of the activity, and the inability to dimerize. Thus, the intimate interplay between individual components of the complex is imperative for regulation of the CcO aggregation state. While it appears that the aggregation state of CcO might affect its conformational stability, the functional role of the aggregation remains unclear as both monomeric and dimeric forms of CcO seem to be fully active. Here, we review the current status of our knowledge with regard to the role of dimerization in the function and stability of CcO and factors, such as subunit composition, amphiphilic environment represented by phospholipids/detergents, and posttranslational modifications that play a role in the regulation of the CcO aggregation state.
| S-EPMC7761698 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cytochrome c oxidase is the terminal enzyme in the electron transfer chain of essentially all organisms that utilize oxygen to generate energy. It reduces oxygen to water and harnesses the energy to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. The mechanism by which proton pumping is coupled to the oxygen reduction reaction remains unresolved, owing to the difficulty of visualizing proton movement within the massive membrane-associated protein matrix. Here, with a novel hydrogen/deuterium exchange resonance Raman spectroscopy method, we have identified two critical elements of the proton pump: a proton loading site near the propionate groups of heme a, which is capable of transiently storing protons uploaded from the negative-side of the membrane prior to their release into the positive side of the membrane and a conformational gate that controls proton translocation in response to the change in the redox state of heme a. These findings form the basis for a postulated molecular model describing a detailed mechanism by which unidirectional proton translocation is coupled to electron transfer from heme a to heme a 3, associated with the oxygen chemistry occurring in the heme a 3 site, during enzymatic turnover.
| S-EPMC3656056 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bovine cytochrome c oxidase is an integral membrane protein complex comprising 13 protein subunits and associated lipids. Dimerization of the complex has been proposed; however, definitive evidence for the dimer is lacking. We used advanced mass spectrometry methods to investigate the oligomeric state of cytochrome c oxidase and the potential role of lipids and posttranslational modifications in its subunit interfaces. Mass spectrometry of the intact protein complex revealed that both the monomer and the dimer are stabilized by large lipid entities. We identified these lipid species from the purified protein complex, thus implying that they interact specifically with the enzyme. We further identified phosphorylation and acetylation sites of cytochrome c oxidase, located in the peripheral subunits and in the dimer interface, respectively. Comparing our phosphorylation and acetylation sites with those found in previous studies of bovine, mouse, rat, and human cytochrome c oxidase, we found that whereas some acetylation sites within the dimer interface are conserved, suggesting a role for regulation and stabilization of the dimer, phosphorylation sites were less conserved and more transient. Our results therefore provide insights into the locations and interactions of lipids with acetylated residues within the dimer interface of this enzyme, and thereby contribute to a better understanding of its structure in the natural membrane. Moreover dimeric cytochrome c oxidase, comprising 20 transmembrane, six extramembrane subunits, and associated lipids, represents the largest integral membrane protein complex that has been transferred via electrospray intact into the gas phase of a mass spectrometer, representing a significant technological advance.
| S-EPMC4961149 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Methylanthraniloyl-8-azido-ATP (Mant-8-N3-ATP), which binds to the 20 kDa C-terminal tryptic fragment of skeletal-muscle myosin subfragment-1 [Maruta, Miyanishi and Matsuda (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 184, 213-221], was synthesized and used as a probe of the conformational change of smooth-muscle myosin. Mant-8-N3-ATP, like ATP, induced the formation of the 10 S conformation at low ionic strength. In the presence of vanadate, smooth-muscle myosin formed a stable complex with Mant-8-N3-ADP, and this complex showed the 10 S-->6 S transition of myosin. ATP-binding sites for 6 S (extended state) and 10 S (folded state) myosin were studied by photolabelling of myosin with Mant-8-N3-ADP. For both 6 S and 10 S myosin, Mant-8-N3-ATP was incorporated into the 29 kDa N-terminal tryptic fragment of myosin heavy chain. This is unlike the labelling of skeletal-muscle myosin, in which the 20 kDa C-terminal fragment is labelled. The labelling of 29 kDa fragment was diminished significantly by addition of ATP. These results suggest that the conformation of the ATP-binding site of smooth-muscle myosin is different from that of skeletal-muscle myosin. To examine further the possible differences in the labelling site between 6 S and 10 S myosin, the affinity-labelled 29 kDa fragment was subjected to complete proteolysis by lysylendo-peptidase. The fluorescent-labelled-peptide map suggested that the Mant-8-N3-ADP-binding sites for 6 S and 10 S myosin were identical.
| S-EPMC1134228 | biostudies-other
Project description:The ability of the reactive dichlorotriazine dye Vilmafix Blue A-R (VBAR) to act as an affinity label for bovine heart L-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was studied. VBAR binds specifically and irreversibly to MDH (k3 0.16 min-1; KD 14.4 microM). The inactivation of the NADH-dependent enzyme by VBAR is competitively inhibited by NAD+, NADH and ADP. Quantitatively inhibited MDH contained approx. 1 mol of dye per mol of active site. The inhibition is irreversible and activity cannot be recovered either on incubation with 10 mM NAD+, 10 mM NADH or 10 mM ADP, or by extensive dialysis or gel-filtration chromatography. Data obtained from high-performance gel-filtration chromatography and analysed by Scatchard plot suggested the presence of two coenzyme-binding sites per MDH dimer. Tryptic digestion of VBAR-labelled MDH followed by reverse-phase HPLC analysis revealed one VBAR-labelled peptide. It appears that each subunit features the same peptide bearing the modifying residue involved in MDH labelling. The pKa of the modifying residue is 8.05. Both total acid hydrolysis of VBAR-labelled MDH followed by HPLC and TLC analysis, and molecular-modelling studies suggest that the modifying residue is Lys-81 and/or Lys-217.
| S-EPMC1217251 | biostudies-other