Intertissue differences in the hysteretic behaviour of carnitine palmitoyltransferase in the presence of malonyl-CoA.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lloyd AC
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1146980 | biostudies-other | 1986 Jul
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
Similar Datasets
Project description:Continuous assays of carnitine palmitoyltransferase were used to study the hysteretic behaviour of the enzyme. When reactions were started by adding mitochondria to complete reaction mixtures, there was a lag in the assay even in the absence of malonyl-CoA. When mitochondria were preincubated with malonyl-CoA in the absence of palmitoyl-CoA, there was a greater lag period in the assay of carnitine palmitoyltransferase, but this lag was less prominent at 37 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. Preincubation of mitochondria with malonyl-CoA did not change the sensitivity of the enzyme to inhibition by malonyl-CoA.
| S-EPMC1146927 | biostudies-other
Project description:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase in its normal mitochondrial environment behaves as a hysteretic enzyme, exhibiting slow changes in reaction rate after the addition of oleoyl-CoA or malonyl-CoA. Reaction rates become constant after a short time, but the sensitivity of the enzyme from fed rats to the inhibition by malonyl-CoA remains much greater than that of starved rats.
| S-EPMC1144541 | biostudies-other
Project description:Malonyl-CoA significantly increased the Km for L-carnitine of overt carnitine palmitoyltransferase in liver mitochondria from fed rats. This effect was observed when the molar palmitoyl-CoA/albumin concentration ratio was low (0.125-1.0), but not when it was higher (2.0). In the absence of malonyl-CoA, the Km for L-carnitine increased with increasing palmitoyl-CoA/albumin ratios. Malonyl-CoA did not increase the Km for L-carnitine in liver mitochondria from 24h-starved rats or in heart mitochondria from fed animals. The Km for L-carnitine of the latent form of carnitine palmitoyltransferase was 3-4 times that for the overt form of the enzyme. At low ratios of palmitoyl-CoA/albumin (0.5), the concentration of malonyl-CoA causing a 50% inhibition of overt carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was decreased by 30% when assays with liver mitochondria from fed rats were performed at 100 microM-instead of 400 microM-carnitine. Such a decrease was not observed with liver mitochondria from starved animals. L-Carnitine displaced [14C]malonyl-CoA from liver mitochondrial binding sites. D-Carnitine was without effect. L-Carnitine did not displace [14C]malonyl-CoA from heart mitochondria. It is concluded that, under appropriate conditions, malonyl-CoA may decrease the effectiveness of L-carnitine as a substrate for the enzyme and that L-carnitine may decrease the effectiveness of malonyl-CoA to regulate the enzyme.
| S-EPMC1152599 | biostudies-other
Project description:Malonyl-CoA inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I was found to be very pH-dependent. Malonyl-CoA concentrations causing 50% inhibition (I50) at pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0 were 0.04, 1, 9, 40 and 200 microM respectively. It is suggested that a lowering of intracellular pH, such as might occur in ketoacidosis, may attenuate hepatic fatty acid oxidation by increasing malonyl-CoA sensitivity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I.
| S-EPMC1152076 | biostudies-other
Project description:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase located in the erythrocyte plasma membrane is sensitive to inhibition by malonyl-CoA and 2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA plus carnitine. Although this inhibition and other properties suggest similarities to the intracellular enzymes in other tissues, no cross-reaction was observed with antisera to the peroxisomal or to the mitochondrial inner-membrane enzyme. The activity was solubilized by and was stable in Triton X-100, which destroys the enzymes found in microsomes and in the mitochondrial outer membrane. The substrate specificity is broader than for the intracellular enzymes, the activities with stearoyl-CoA (114%) and arachidonoyl-CoA (97%) being equal to that with palmitoyl-CoA, and the activities with linoleoyl-CoA (44%) and erucoyl-CoA (46%) about half that with palmitoyl-CoA. The function of this carnitine palmitoyltransferase is probably to buffer the acyl-CoA present in the erythrocyte for turnover of the fatty acyl groups of the membrane lipids.
| S-EPMC1150109 | biostudies-other
Project description:Overt carnitine palmitoyltransferase in mitochondria isolated from interscapular brown adipose tissue of cold-adapted rats or rats maintained at normal temperature is extremely sensitive to inhibition by malonyl-CoA.
| S-EPMC1158357 | biostudies-other
Project description:By using octyl glucoside in the presence of glycerol, it is possible to obtain a solubilized malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTo) from the outer membranes of rat liver mitochondria. H.p.l.c. on hydroxyapatite column has now allowed a clear separation of the CPTo from the malonyl-CoA-insensitive CPT activity of the inner membranes (CPTi). The separated CPTo activity showed inhibition by low micromolar concentrations of malonyl-CoA, 2-tetradecylglycidyl-CoA and etomoxir-CoA. On solubilization and fractionation, the CPTo rapidly lost activity, unlike the relatively stable CPTi activity. Reconstitution into asolectin liposomes enhanced the activity and the malonyl-CoA-sensitivity of the CPTo fractions, whereas it had no such effect on the activity or malonyl-CoA insensitivity of the CPTi fractions. A polyclonal antibody raised against the malonyl-CoA-insensitive enzyme, purified from the inner membranes, precipitated the CPTi activity, but showed no reactivity with the CPTo fractions. In Western blots, the above antibody did not react with any polypeptide of the CPTo fractions. Incubation of the outer-membrane preparations with [3H]etomoxir, in the presence of ATP and CoA, led to labelling of a 90 kDa polypeptide that in the above hydroxyapatite chromatography was eluted in the same region as the CPTo. No such polypeptide labelling was seen in the CPTi fractions. With heart and skeletal-muscle mitochondria, the correspondingly labelled polypeptide was of about 86 kDa. These results show that the CPTo and CPTi are distinct proteins, that a subunit of 90 kDa for liver and 86 kDa for muscle constitutes a component of their respective CPTo systems, and that the 66 kDa subunit of the CPTi does not constitute a part of the CPTo system.
| S-EPMC1131480 | biostudies-other
Project description:The requirement for carnitine and the malonyl-CoA sensitivity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I (EC 2.3.1.21) were measured in isolated mitochondria from eight tissues of animal or human origin using fixed concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA (50 microM) and albumin (147 microM). The Km for carnitine spanned a 20-fold range, rising from about 35 microM in adult rat and human foetal liver to 700 microM in dog heart. Intermediate values of increasing magnitude were found for rat heart, guinea pig liver and skeletal muscle of rat, dog and man. Conversely, the concentration of malonyl-CoA required for 50% suppression of enzyme activity fell from the region of 2-3 microM in human and rat liver to only 20 nM in tissues displaying the highest Km for carnitine. Thus, the requirement for carnitine and sensitivity to malonyl-CoA appeared to be inversely related. The Km of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I for palmitoyl-CoA was similar in tissues showing large differences in requirement for carnitine. Other experiments established that, in addition to liver, heart and skeletal muscle of fed rats contain significant quantities of malonyl-CoA and that in all three tissues the level falls with starvation. Although its intracellular location in heart and skeletal muscle is not known, the possibility is raised that malonyl-CoA (or a related compound) could, under certain circumstances, interact with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in non-hepatic tissues and thereby exert control over long chain fatty acid oxidation.
| S-EPMC1152205 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was measured over a range of concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA and in the presence of several concentrations of the inhibitor malonyl-CoA. These measurements were made in mitochondria obtained from the livers of fed and starved (24 h) virgin female and fed and starved pregnant rats. 2. In the fed state overt carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was significantly lower in virgin females than in age-matched male rats. 3. Starvation increased overt carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity in both virgin and pregnant females. This increase was larger than in the male and was greater in pregnant than in virgin females. 4. In the fed state pregnancy had no effect on the Hill coefficient or the [S]0.5 when palmitoyl-CoA was varied as substrate. Pregnancy did not alter the sensitivity of the enzyme to inhibition by malonyl-CoA. 5. Starvation decreased the sensitivity of the enzyme to malonyl-CoA. The change in sensitivity was similar in male, virgin female and pregnant rats. 6. The possible relevance of these findings to known sex differences and changes with pregnancy in hepatic fatty acid oxidation and esterification are discussed.
| S-EPMC1154017 | biostudies-other
Project description:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) catalyses the initial step of fatty acid import into the mitochondrial matrix, the site of beta-oxidation, and its inhibition by malonyl-CoA is a primary control point for this process. The enzyme exists in at least two isoforms, denoted L-CPT I (liver type) and M-CPT I (skeletal-muscle type), which differ in their kinetic characteristics and tissue distributions. A property apparently unique to L-CPT I is that its sensitivity to malonyl-CoA decreases in vivo with fasting or experimentally induced diabetes. The mechanism of this important regulatory effect is unknown and has aroused much interest. CPT I is an integral outer-membrane protein and displays little activity after removal from the membrane by detergents, precluding direct purification of active protein by conventional means. Here we describe the expression of a 6 x His-tagged rat L-CPT I in Pichia pastoris and purification of the detergent-solubilized enzyme in milligram quantities. Reconstitution of the purified product into a liposomal environment yielded a 200--400-fold increase in enzymic activity and restored malonyl-CoA sensitivity. This is the first time that a CPT I protein has been available for study in a form that is both pure and active. Comparison of the kinetic properties of the reconstituted material with those of L-CPT I as it exists in mitochondria prepared from yeast over-expressing the enzyme and in livers from fed or fasted rats permitted novel insight into several aspects of the enzyme's behaviour. The malonyl-CoA response of the liposomal enzyme was found to be greater when the reconstitution procedure was carried out at 22 degrees C compared with 4 degrees C (IC(50) approximately 11 microM versus 30 microM, respectively). When the sensitivities of L-CPT I in each of the different environments were compared, they were found to decrease in the following order: fed liver>fasted liver approximately liposomes prepared at 22 degrees C approximately P. pastoris mitochondria>liposomes prepared at 4 degrees C. In addition, pre-treatment of L-CPT I liposomes with the membrane-fluidizing reagent benzyl alcohol caused densensitization to the inhibitor. In contrast with the variable response to malonyl-CoA, the liposomal L-CPT I displayed a pH profile and kinetics with regard to the carnitine and acyl-CoA substrates similar to those of the enzyme in fed or fasted liver mitochondria. However, despite a normal sensitivity to malonyl-CoA, L-CPT I in P. pastoris mitochondria displayed aberrant behaviour with regard to each of these other parameters. The kinetic data establish several novel points. First, even after stringent purification procedures in the presence of detergent, recombinant L-CPT I could be reconstituted in active, malonyl-CoA sensitive form. Second, the kinetics of the reconstituted, 6 x His-tagged L-CPT I with regard to substrate and pH responses were similar to what is observed with rat liver mitochondria (whereas in P. pastoris mitochondria the enzyme behaved anomalously), confirming that the purified preparation is a suitable model for studying the functional properties of the enzyme. Third, wide variation in the response to the inhibitor, malonyl-CoA, was observed depending only on the enzyme's membrane environment and independent of interaction with other proteins. In particular, the fluidity of the membrane had a direct influence on this parameter. These observations may help to explain the mechanism of the physiological changes in the properties of L-CPT I that occur in vivo and are consistent with the current topographical model of the enzyme.
| S-EPMC1221135 | biostudies-other