Phosphorylation of purified bovine heart and rat liver 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase by protein kinase C and comparison of the fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase activity of the two enzymes.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Rider MH
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1147375 | biostudies-other | 1986 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Pulses of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells help maintain blood glucose in a narrow range, although the source of these pulses is unclear. It has been proposed that a positive feedback circuit exists within the glycolytic pathway, the autocatalytic activation of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), which endows pancreatic beta-cells with the ability to generate oscillations in metabolism. Flux through PFK1 is controlled by the bifunctional enzyme PFK2/FBPase2 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase) in two ways: via (1) production/degradation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru2,6-BP), a potent allosteric activator of PFK1, as well as (2) direct activation of glucokinase due to a protein-protein interaction. In this study, we used a combination of live-cell imaging and mathematical modeling to examine the effects of inducibly-expressed PFK2/FBPase2 mutants on glucose-induced Ca(2+) pulsatility in mouse islets. Irrespective of the ability to bind glucokinase, mutants of PFK2/FBPase2 that increased the kinase:phosphatase ratio reduced the period and amplitude of Ca(2+) oscillations. Mutants which reduced the kinase:phosphatase ratio had the opposite effect. These results indicate that the main effect of the bifunctional enzyme on islet pulsatility is due to Fru2,6-BP alteration of the threshold for autocatalytic activation of PFK1 by Fru1,6-BP. Using computational models based on PFK1-generated islet oscillations, we then illustrated how moderate elevation of Fru-2,6-BP can increase the frequency of glycolytic oscillations while reducing their amplitude, with sufficiently high activation resulting in termination of slow oscillations. The concordance we observed between PFK2/FBPase2-induced modulation of islet oscillations and the models of PFK1-driven oscillations furthermore suggests that metabolic oscillations, like those found in yeast and skeletal muscle, are shaped early in glycolysis.
| S-EPMC3332096 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Purified bovine heart 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFK-2/FBPase-2) showed two bands with subunit M(r) of 58,000 and 54,000 when analysed by SDS/PAGE. Both the 58,000- and 54,000-M(r) forms were phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and by protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro. Phosphorylation by PKA decreased the apparent Km of PFK-2 for one of its substrates, fructose 6-phosphate, while phosphorylation by PKC did not correlate with any change in PFK-2 activity. The differences between the 58,000- and 54,000-M(r) forms were studied by electroblotting, peptide mapping and microsequencing. Residues 451-510, which correspond to exon 15 in the rat and contain phosphorylation sites for PKA (Ser-466) and PKC (Thr-475), were absent from the 54,000-M(r) form. Peptide mapping after phosphorylation by [gamma-32P]MgATP and PKC showed a phosphorylated peptide containing Thr-475, which was present in the 58,000-M(r) form but not in the 54,000-M(r) form. The fact that the latter form was phosphorylated by PKC and PKA suggests that other phosphorylation sites for PKA and PKC are located outside the region encoded by exon 15. Finally, analysis of RNA from bovine heart showed that the tissue contains two PFK-2/FBPase-2 mRNAs, only one of which was recognized by a probe specific to the region coding for Ser-466 and Thr-475. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the 58,000- and 54,000-M(r) forms of bovine heart PFK-2/FBPase-2 result from alternative splicing of the same primary transcript.
| S-EPMC1132803 | biostudies-other
Project description:The heart-specific isoform of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB2) is an important regulator of glycolytic flux in cardiac cells. Here, we present the crystal structures of two PFKFB2 orthologues, human and bovine, at resolutions of 2.0 and 1.8 Å, respectively. Citrate, a TCA cycle intermediate and well-known inhibitor of PFKFB2, co-crystallized in the 2-kinase domains of both orthologues, occupying the fructose-6-phosphate binding-site and extending into the γ-phosphate binding pocket of ATP. This steric and electrostatic occlusion of the γ-phosphate site by citrate proved highly consequential to the binding of co-complexed ATP analogues. The bovine structure, which co-crystallized with ADP, closely resembled the overall structure of other PFKFB isoforms, with ADP mimicking the catalytic binding mode of ATP. The human structure, on the other hand, co-complexed with AMPPNP, which, unlike ADP, contains a γ-phosphate. The presence of this γ-phosphate made adoption of the catalytic ATP binding mode impossible for AMPPNP, forcing the analogue to bind atypically with concomitant conformational changes to the ATP binding-pocket. Inhibition kinetics were used to validate the structural observations, confirming citrate's inhibition mechanism as competitive for F6P and noncompetitive for ATP. Together, these structural and kinetic data establish a molecular basis for citrate's negative feed-back loop of the glycolytic pathway via PFKFB2. Proteins 2016; 85:117-124. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
| S-EPMC5193105 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fru-2,6-P2 (fructose 2,6-bisphosphate) is a signal molecule that controls glycolysis. Since its discovery more than 20 years ago, inroads have been made towards the understanding of the structure-function relationships in PFK-2 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase)/FBPase-2 (fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase), the homodimeric bifunctional enzyme that catalyses the synthesis and degradation of Fru-2,6-P2. The FBPase-2 domain of the enzyme subunit bears sequence, mechanistic and structural similarity to the histidine phosphatase family of enzymes. The PFK-2 domain was originally thought to resemble bacterial PFK-1 (6-phosphofructo-1-kinase), but this proved not to be correct. Molecular modelling of the PFK-2 domain revealed that, instead, it has the same fold as adenylate kinase. This was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. A PFK-2/FBPase-2 sequence in the genome of one prokaryote, the proteobacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, could be the result of horizontal gene transfer from a eukaryote distantly related to all other organisms, possibly a protist. This, together with the presence of PFK-2/FBPase-2 genes in trypanosomatids (albeit with possibly only one of the domains active), indicates that fusion of genes initially coding for separate PFK-2 and FBPase-2 domains might have occurred early in evolution. In the enzyme homodimer, the PFK-2 domains come together in a head-to-head like fashion, whereas the FBPase-2 domains can function as monomers. There are four PFK-2/FBPase-2 isoenzymes in mammals, each coded by a different gene that expresses several isoforms of each isoenzyme. In these genes, regulatory sequences have been identified which account for their long-term control by hormones and tissue-specific transcription factors. One of these, HNF-6 (hepatocyte nuclear factor-6), was discovered in this way. As to short-term control, the liver isoenzyme is phosphorylated at the N-terminus, adjacent to the PFK-2 domain, by PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase), leading to PFK-2 inactivation and FBPase-2 activation. In contrast, the heart isoenzyme is phosphorylated at the C-terminus by several protein kinases in different signalling pathways, resulting in PFK-2 activation.
| S-EPMC1133864 | biostudies-literature
Project description:6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase isoform 3 (PFKFB3), is a critical enzyme for glycolysis and highly expressed in cancer cells. It plays an essential role in regulating metabolism, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Although PFKFB3 is involved in modulating autophagy, its regulatory role appears to be either positive or negative, which remains to be clarified. Unlike other PFK-2/FBPase isoforms, PFKFB3 can localize in both nucleus and cytoplasm, leading to the speculation that subcellular localization of PFKFB3 may play a regulatory role in autophagy. Here, we found that either a PFKFB3 inhibitor or PFKFB3 silencing by siRNA, suppressed the basal and the H2O2-induced autophagy concomitantly with the inhibition of AMPK activity. While overexpression of the wild type PFKFB3 promoted the H2O2-induced autophagy, the K472/473A mutated PFKFB3, which lost nuclear localizing property, inhibited the autophagic process. Although the K472/473A mutated PFKFB3 stimulated more lactate production, it decreased the activity of AMPK compared to the wild type PFKFB3. Moreover, PFKFB3 similarly regulates the autophagy induced by rasfonin, a fungal secondary metabolite that downregulates the activity of AMPK. Compound C, a widely used AMPK inhibitor, induced the autophagic process but reduced the H2O2-dependent autophagy. Collectively, the data demonstrated that PFKFB3 localizing in nucleus is essential for its regulatory role in autophagy, and PFKFB3 at least positively regulated the H2O2-induced autophagy through the AMPK signaling pathway, which likely played dual roles in the process.
| S-EPMC5655249 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP) is a shunt product of glycolysis that allosterically activates 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1) resulting in increased glucose uptake and glycolytic flux to lactate. The F2,6BP concentration is dictated by four bifunctional 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatases (PFKFB1-4) with distinct kinase:phosphatase activities. PFKFB4 is over-expressed in human cancers, induced by hypoxia and required for survival and growth of several cancer cell lines. Although PFKFB4 appears to be a rational target for anti-neoplastic drug development, it is not clear whether its kinase or phosphatase activity is required for cancer cell survival. In this study, we demonstrate that recombinant human PFKFB4 kinase activity is 4.3-fold greater than its phosphatase activity, siRNA and genomic deletion of PFKFB4 decrease F2,6BP, PFKFB4 over-expression increases F2,6BP and selective PFKFB4 inhibition in vivo markedly reduces F2,6BP, glucose uptake and ATP. Last, we find that PFKFB4 is required for cancer cell survival during the metabolic response to hypoxia, presumably to enable glycolytic production of ATP when the electron transport chain is not fully operational. Taken together, our data indicate that the PFKFB4 expressed in multiple transformed cells and tumors functions to synthesize F2,6BP. We predict that pharmacological disruption of the PFKFB4 kinase domain may have clinical utility for the treatment of human cancers.
| S-EPMC4196155 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the brain remained stable during starvation and early stages of ischaemia, but decreased in diabetes or after lengthened ischaemia. 6-Phosphofructo-1-kinase activity was also decreased in diabetic and ischaemic animals, whereas 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase was not modified. The concentration of the bisphosphorylated metabolite seems to be remarkably constant under a wide variety of experimental conditions, suggesting that it plays an essential role in the basal activation of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase. Purified 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase also showed fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase activity with an activity ratio similar to that of the purified heart isoenzyme. The brain enzyme also has a net charge similar to that of the heart isoenzyme. Its activity is not modified by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, and it is more sensitive to citrate than the liver or muscle isoenzyme. Moreover, the enzyme from brain, similarly to that from heart and muscle, is not modified by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C. A near-full-length cDNA probe from liver hybridized with RNA from brain and heart. In both cases, a major band of 6.8 kb of RNA and a minor one of 4 kb of RNA were detected. All these properties support the hypothesis that brain contains a different isoenzymic form from that of liver and muscle, and it is probably related to the heart isoform.
| S-EPMC1151113 | biostudies-other
Project description:We have shown previously that bovine heart fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (EC 2.7.1.105/3.1.3.46) is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C; phosphorylation results in activation of kinase. This activation of heart enzyme is in contrast to results with the liver isozyme, in which phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the kinase activity. As an initial step toward understanding this difference between the isozymes we have determined the DNA sequence of the heart enzyme and analyzed the amino acid sequence with special emphasis on the location of the phosphorylation site. We isolated and sequenced two overlapping cDNA fragments, which together could encode the complete amino acid sequence of bovine heart fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, a protein of 530 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 60,679. Since the deduced protein contained amino acid sequences identical to the sequences of four known tryptic peptides from this enzyme we concluded that the deduced protein sequence did represent bovine heart enzyme. In addition, a cDNA fragment hybridized to a 4-kilobase mRNA from bovine heart. The phosphorylation sites of the heart enzyme were located near the C terminus, whereas the phosphorylation site of the liver isozyme is known to be located near the N terminus. These opposite locations of the phosphorylation sites may explain the contrasting effect of the covalent modification on the enzymes' activities.
| S-EPMC54239 | biostudies-other
Project description:Deregulation of autophagy has been linked to multiple degenerative diseases and cancer, thus the identification of novel autophagy regulators for potential therapeutic intervention is important. To meet this need, we developed a high content image-based short hairpin RNA screen monitoring levels of the autophagy substrate p62/SQSTM1. We identified 186 genes whose loss caused p62 accumulation indicative of autophagy blockade, and 67 genes whose loss enhanced p62 elimination indicative of autophagy stimulation. One putative autophagy stimulator, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4), drives flux through pentose phosphate pathway. Knockdown of PFKFB4 in prostate cancer cells increased p62 and reactive oxygen species (ROS), but surprisingly increased autophagic flux. Addition of the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine prevented p62 accumulation in PFKFB4-depleted cells, suggesting that the upregulation of p62 and autophagy was a response to oxidative stress caused by PFKFB4 elimination. Thus, PFKFB4 suppresses oxidative stress and p62 accumulation, without which autophagy is stimulated likely as a ROS detoxification response.
| S-EPMC4573377 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cancer-specific isoenzyme of phosphofructokinase II (PFKFB4), as our previous research has shown, may be one of the most important enzymes contributing to the intensification of glycolysis in hypoxic malignant melanoma cells. Although the PFKFB4 gene seems to play a crucial role in the progression of melanoma, so far there are no complete data on the expression of PFKFB4 at the isoform level and the influence of hypoxia on alternative splicing. Using RT-qPCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, we presented the PFKFB4 gene expression profile at the level of six isoforms described in the OMIM NCBI database in normoxic and hypoxic melanoma cells. Additionally, using VMD software, we analyzed the structure of isoforms at the protein level, concluding about the catalytic activity of individual isoforms. Our research has shown that five isoforms of PFKFB4 are expressed in melanoma cells, of which the D and F isoforms are highly constitutive, while the canonical B isoform seems to be the main isoform induced in hypoxia. Our results also indicate that the expression profile at the level of the PFKFB4 gene does not reflect the expression at the level of individual isoforms. Our work clearly indicates that the PFKFB4 gene expression profile should be definitely analyzed at the level of individual isoforms. Moreover, the analysis at the protein level allowed the selection of those isoforms whose functional validation should be performed to fully understand the importance of PFKFB4 expression in the metabolic adaptation of malignant melanoma cells.
| S-EPMC8396304 | biostudies-literature