Primary structure around the lipoate-attachment site on the E2 component of bovine heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Bradford AP
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1148219 | biostudies-other | 1987 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) and acetyltransferase (E2) components of pig heart and ox kidney pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex were separated and purified. The E1 component was phosphorylated (alpha-chain) and inactivated by MgATP. Phosphorylation was mainly confined to site 1. Addition of E2 accelerated phosphorylation of all three sites in E1 alpha and inactivation of E1. On the basis of histone H1 phosphorylation, E2 is presumed to contain PDH kinase, which was removed (greater than 98%) by treatment with p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulphonate. Stimulation of ATP-dependent inactivation of E1 by E2 was independent of histone H1 kinase activity of E2. The effect of E2 is attributed to conformational change(s) induced in E1 and/or E1-associated PDH kinase. PDH kinase activity associated with E1 could not be separated from it be gel filtration or DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Subunits of PDH kinase were not detected on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels of E1 or E2, presumably because of low concentration. The activity of pig heart PDH complex was increased by E2, but not by E1, indicating that E2 is rate-limiting in the holocomplex reaction. ATP-dependent inactivation of PDH complex was accelerated by E1 or by phosphorylated E1 plus associated PDH kinase, but not by E2 plus presumed PDH kinase. It is suggested that a substantial proportion of PDH kinase may accompany E1 when PDH complex is dissociated into its component enzymes. The possibility that E1 may possess intrinsic PDH kinase activity is considered unlikely, but may not have been fully excluded.
| S-EPMC1152782 | biostudies-other
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC5705245 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a large multienzyme complex that catalyzes the irreversible conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A with reduction of NAD+. Distinctive from PDCs in lower forms of life, in mammalian PDC, dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2; E2p in PDC) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase binding protein (E3BP) combine to form a complex that plays a central role in the organization, regulation, and integration of catalytic reactions of PDC. However, the atomic structure and organization of the mammalian E2p/E3BP heterocomplex are unknown. Here, we report the structure of the recombinant dodecahedral core formed by the C-terminal inner-core/catalytic (IC) domain of human E2p determined at 3.1 Å resolution by cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM). The structure of the N-terminal fragment and four other surface areas of the human E2p IC domain exhibit significant differences from those of the other E2 crystal structures, which may have implications for the integration of E3BP in mammals. This structure also allowed us to obtain a homology model for the highly homologous IC domain of E3BP. Analysis of the interactions of human E2p or E3BP with their adjacent IC domains in the dodecahedron provides new insights into the organization of the E2p/E3BP heterocomplex and suggests a potential contribution by E3BP to catalysis in mammalian PDC.
| S-EPMC6033517 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The bacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex carries out conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A with the assistance of thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), several other cofactors, and three principal protein components, E1-E3, each present in multiple copies. The E2 component forms the core of the complexes, each copy consisting of variable numbers of lipoyl domains (LDs, lipoic acid covalently amidated at a lysine residue), peripheral subunit binding domains (PSBDs), and catalytic (or core) domains (CDs). The reaction starts with a ThDP-dependent decarboxylation on E1 to an enamine/C2α̃ carbanion, followed by oxidation and acetyl transfer to form S-acetyldihydrolipoamide E2, and then transfer of this acetyl group from the LD to coenzyme A on the CD. The dihydrolipoamide E2 is finally reoxidized by the E3 component. This report investigates whether the acetyl group is passed from the LD to the CD in an intra- or interchain reaction. Using an Escherichia coli E2 component having a single LD, two types of constructs were prepared: one with a Lys to Ala substitution in the LD at the Lys carrying the lipoic acid, making E2 incompetent toward post-translational ligation of lipoic acid and, hence, toward reductive acetylation, and the other in which the His believed to catalyze the transthiolacetylation in the CD is substituted with A or C, the absence of His rendering it incompetent toward acetyl-CoA formation. Both kinetic evidence and mass spectrometric evidence support interchain transfer of the acetyl groups, providing a novel model for the presence of multiples of three chains in all E2 components, and their assembly in bacterial enzymes.
| S-EPMC3325022 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We have developed an in vitro system for detailed analysis of reversible phosphorylation of the plant mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, comprising recombinant Arabidopsis thalianaα2β2-heterotetrameric pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) plus A. thaliana E1-kinase (AtPDK). Upon addition of MgATP, Ser292, which is located within the active-site loop structure of E1α, is phosphorylated. In addition to Ser292, Asp295 and Gly297 are highly conserved in the E1α active-site loop sequences. Mutation of Asp295 to Ala, Asn, or Leu greatly reduced phosphorylation of Ser292, while mutation of Gly297 had relatively little effect. Quantitative two-hybrid analysis was used to show that mutation of Asp295 did not substantially affect binding of AtPDK to E1α. When using pyruvate as a variable substrate, the Asp295 mutant proteins had modest changes in k(cat), K(m), and k(cat)/K(m) values. Therefore, we propose that Asp295 plays an important role in stabilizing the active-site loop structure, facilitating transfer of the γ-phosphate from ATP to the Ser residue at regulatory site one of E1α.
| S-EPMC3034952 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity is tightly regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, which is catalyzed by PDH kinase isomers and PDH phosphatase isomers, respectively. PDH phosphatase isomer 1 (PDP1) is a heterodimer consisting of a catalytic subunit (PDP1c) and a regulatory subunit (PDP1r). Here, the crystal structure of bovine PDP1c determined at 2.1 Å resolution is reported. The crystals belonged to space group P3221, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 75.3, c = 173.2 Å. The structure was solved by molecular-replacement methods and refined to a final R factor of 21.9% (Rfree = 24.7%). The final model consists of 402 of a possible 467 amino-acid residues of the PDP1c monomer, two Mn2+ ions in the active site, an additional Mn2+ ion coordinated by His410 and His414, two MnSO4 ion pairs at special positions near the crystallographic twofold symmetry axis and 226 water molecules. Several new features of the PDP1c structure are revealed. The requirements are described and plausible bases are deduced for the interaction of PDP1c with PDP1r and other components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
| S-EPMC7336360 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. When pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was phosphorylated to completion with [gamma-32P]ATP by its intrinsic kinase, three phosphorylation sites were observed. The amino acid sequences around these sites were: sequence 1, Tyr-Gly-Met-Gly-Thr-Ser(P)-Val-Glu-Arg; and sequence 2, Tyr-His-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asp-Pro-Gly-Val-Ser(P)-Tyr-Arg. 2. When phosphorylated to inactivation by repetitive additions of limiting quantities of [gamma-32P]ATP, phosphate was incorporated mainly (more than 90%) into Ser-5 of sequence 2. Phosphorylation of this site thus results in activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. 3. If Ser-5 is phosphorylated with ATP and the enzyme then incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, phosphorylation of the remaining sites occurred. Ser-12 of sequence 2 is phosphorylated about twice as rapidly as Ser-6 of sequence 1. 4. Incubation of pyruvate dehydrogenase with excess [gamma-32P]ATP with termination of phosphorylation at about 50% complete inactivation showed that Ser-5 of sequence 2 was phosphorylated most rapidly, but also that Ser-12 of sequence 2 was significantly (15% of total) phosphorylated. Ser-6 sequence 1 contained about 1% total P. 5. These results suggest that addition of limiting amounts of ATP produces primarily phosphorylation of Ser-5 of sequence 2 (inactivating site). This also occurs during incubation with excess ATP before complete inactivation occurs, but a greater occupancy of other sites also occurs during this treatment.
| S-EPMC1161173 | biostudies-other
Project description:Recent studies have suggested that the tethering of viral genomes to host cell chromosomes could provide one of the ways to achieve their nuclear retention and partitioning during extrachromosomal maintenance in dividing cells. The data we present here provide firm evidence that the partitioning of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) genome is dependent on the chromatin attachment process mediated by viral E2 protein and its multiple binding sites. On the other hand, the attachment of E2 and the E2-mediated tethering of reporter plasmids to host chromosomes are not necessarily sufficient for efficient partitioning, suggesting that additional E2-dependent activities might be involved in the latter process. The activity of E2 protein in chromatin attachment and partitioning is more sensitive to the point mutations in the N-terminal domain than its transactivation and replication initiation functions. Therefore, at least part of the interactions of the E2 N-terminal domain with its targets during the chromatin attachment and partitioning processes are likely to involve specific receptors not involved in transactivation and replication activities of the protein. The mutational analysis also indicates that the binding of E2 to chromatin is not achieved through interaction of linear N-terminal subsequences of the E2 protein with putative receptors. Instead, the composite surface elements of the N-terminal domain build up the receptor-binding surface of E2. In this regard, the interaction of BPV1 E2 with its chromosomal targets clearly differs from the interactions of LANA1 protein from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus and EBNA1 from Epstein-Barr virus with their specific receptors.
| S-EPMC369436 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The last decade has witnessed the reawakening of cancer metabolism as a therapeutic target. In particular, inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) holds remarkable promise. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), currently undergoing clinical trials, is a unique PDK inhibitor in which it binds to the allosteric pyruvate site of the enzyme. However, the safety of DCA as a drug is compromised by its neurotoxicity, whereas its usefulness as an investigative tool is limited by the high concentrations required to exert observable effects in cell culture. Herein, we report the identification - by making use of saturation-transfer difference NMR spectroscopy, enzymatic assays and computational methods - of furoate and thenoate derivatives as allosteric pyruvate-site-binding PDK2 inhibitors. This work substantiates the pyruvate regulatory pocket as a druggable target.
| S-EPMC5553292 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. Pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate complex in which all three sites of phosphorylation were completely phosphorylated was re-activated at a slower rate by phosphatase than complex predominantly phosphorylated in site 1. The ratio of initial rates of re-activation was approx. 1:5 with a comparatively crude preparation of phosphatase and with phosphatase purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. 2. The ratio of apparent first-order rate constants during dephosphorylation of fully phosphorylated complex averaged 1/3.8/1.3 for site 1/site 2/site 3. Only site-1 dephosphorylation was linearly correlated with re-activation of the complex throughout dephosphorylation. Dephosphorylation of site 3 was linearly correlated with re-activation after an initial burst of dephosphorylation. 3. Because dephosphorylation of site 1 was always associated with dephosphorylation of site 2, it is concluded that dephosphorylation cannot be purely random. 4. The ratio of apparent first-order rate constants for dephosphorylation of site 1 (partially/fully phosphorylated complexes) averaged 1.72. This ratio is smaller than the ratio of approx. 5 for the initial rates of re-activation. Possible mechanisms involved in the diminished rate of re-activation of fully phosphorylated complex are discussed.
| S-EPMC1162854 | biostudies-other