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Depletion of arachidonic acid from GH3 cells. Effects on inositol phospholipid turnover and cellular activation.

ABSTRACT: We have adapted rat pituitary GH3 cells to grow in delipidated culture medium. In response, esterfied linoleic acid and arachidonic acid become essentially undetectable, whereas eicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid accumulates and oleic acid increases markedly. These changes occur in all phospholipid classes, but are particularly pronounced in inositol phospholipids, where the usual stearate/arachidonate profile is replaced with oleate/eicosatrienoate (n - 9) and stearate/eicosatrienoate (n - 9). Incubation of arachidonate-depleted cells with 10 microM-arachidonic acid for only 24 h results in extensive remodelling of phospholipid fatty acids, such that close-to-normal compositions and arachidonic acid content are achieved for the inositol phospholipids. In comparison studies with arachidonic acid-depleted or -repleted cells, it was found that the arachidonate content does not affect thyrotropin-releasing-hormone (TRH)-stimulated responses measured at long time points, including [32P]Pi labelling of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid, stimulation of protein phosphorylation, and basal or TRH-stimulated prolactin release. However, transient events such as stimulated breakdown of inositol phospholipids and an initial rise in diacylglycerol are enhanced by the presence of arachidonate. These results show that arachidonic acid itself is not required for operation of the phosphatidylinositol cycle and is not an obligatory intermediate in TRH-mediated GH3 cell activation. It is possible that any structural or functional role of arachidonic acid in these processes is largely met by replacement with eicosatrienoate (n - 9). However, since arachidonate in inositol phospholipids facilitates their hydrolysis upon stimulation by TRH, arachidonic acid apparently may have a specific role in the recognition of these lipids by phospholipase C.

SUBMITTER: Dudley DT

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1148331 | biostudies-other | 1987 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:Inositol phospholipids in cultured GH3 cells, a prolactin secreting, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) sensitive rat pituitary cell line, exhibit a preferential selectivity for incorporating arachidonic acid. Fatty acid composition data show that all inositol phospholipids are enriched in stearic and arachidonic acids to a much greater degree than other cellular phospholipids. Incubation of GH3 cells with radioactive stearate, oleate, arachidonate, eicosapentaenoate or docosahexaenoate also showed that much more stearate and arachidonate were incorporated into inositol phospholipids. In short term incubations with tracer amounts of radioactive arachidonate, incorporation was initially into phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P), and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] being labelled at later times. During longer incubations, all of the inositol phospholipids reach equilibrium at about 10 h, and the resulting specific activities of the three fractions were similar. These findings suggest that arachidonate is incorporated initially into PtdIns and that PtdIns is then phosphorylated. There was no release of either arachidonate or eicosanoid products when GH3 cells were incubated with TRH. However, TRH stimulation of 32P-labelled GH3 cells resulted in rapid breakdown of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns4P, with concomitant increases in [32P]phosphatidic acid and [32P]PtdIns. When the [32P]PtdIns was further analysed by argentation chromatography to separate PtdIns molecular species, it was found that tetraenoic (stearate/arachidonate) species accounted for 80% of the stimulated labelling. The selectivity for arachidonate incorporation into inositol phospholipids coupled with turnover of the arachidonate-containing molecular species suggests that inositol phospholipids containing arachidonic acid or the diacylglycerol resulting therefrom may play a vital cellular role in GH3 cells. This role may involve the operation of the PtdIns cycle itself rather than a stimulated release of arachidonate for eicosanoid formation.

Project description:Lithium is the prototype mood stabilizer but its mechanism is still unresolved. Two hypotheses dominate-the consequences of lithium's inhibition of inositol monophosphatase at therapeutically relevant concentrations (the 'inositol depletion' hypothesis), and of glycogen-synthase kinase-3. To further elaborate the inositol depletion hypothesis that did not decisively determine whether inositol depletion per se, or phosphoinositols accumulation induces the beneficial effects, we utilized knockout mice of either of two inositol metabolism-related genes-IMPA1 or SMIT1, both mimic several lithium's behavioral and biochemical effects. We assessed in vivo, under non-agonist-stimulated conditions, 3H-inositol incorporation into brain phosphoinositols and phosphoinositides in wild-type, lithium-treated, IMPA1 and SMIT1 knockout mice. Lithium treatment increased frontal cortex and hippocampal phosphoinositols labeling by several fold, but decreased phosphoinositides labeling in the frontal cortex of the wild-type mice of the IMPA1 colony strain by ~50%. Inositol metabolites were differently affected by IMPA1 and SMIT1 knockout. Inositoltrisphosphate administered intracerebroventricularly affected bipolar-related behaviors and autophagy markers in a lithium-like manner. Namely, IP3 but not IP1 reduced the immobility time of wild-type mice in the forced swim test model of antidepressant action by 30%, an effect that was reversed by an antagonist of all three IP3 receptors; amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion of wild-type mice (distance traveled) was 35% reduced by IP3 administration; IP3 administration increased hippocampal messenger RNA levels of Beclin-1 (required for autophagy execution) and hippocampal and frontal cortex protein levels ratio of Beclin-1/p62 by about threefold (p62 is degraded by autophagy). To conclude, lithium affects the phosphatidylinositol signaling system in two ways: depleting inositol, consequently decreasing phosphoinositides; elevating inositol monophosphate levels followed by phosphoinositols accumulation. Each or both may mediate lithium-induced behavior.

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Depletion of arachidonic acid from GH3 cells. Effects on inositol phospholipid turnover and cellular activation.

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