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Activation of factor V during intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation. Inhibition by heparin, hirudin and D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Ch2Cl.

ABSTRACT: The validity of the hypothesis that Factor Xa activates Factor V in heparinized plasma was examined by establishing the temporal relationships between Factor V proteolysis and prothrombin consumption in plasma. Factor V was cleaved into Factor Va heavy chain (approx. 110 kDa) and an intermediate (approx. 230 kDa) 30 s after CaCl2 was added to contact-activated plasma (CAP). The larger fragment was converted into Factor V activation peptide (approx. 150 kDa) and Factor Va light chain (approx. 80 kDa) 15 s later. Heparin (approx. 0.05 microM) delayed Factor V proteolysis in CAP by at least 30 s. On supplementing CAP with 1 nM-Factor Xa or 1 nM-thrombin, Factor V was activated 15 s later. Heparin prolonged by 15 s and 45 s the time required to demonstrate Factor V activation in CAP supplemented with Factor Xa and thrombin respectively. Factor V was activated 20 s after tissue factor and CaCl2 were added to plasma, both in the absence and in the presence of approx. 0.05 microM-heparin. In contrast, hirudin and D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl (two thrombin inhibitors more effective than heparin) delayed Factor V activation in this plasma by at least 30 s. The fragments of Factor V obtained in heparinized CAP suggest thrombin escapes inhibition and contributes to Factor V activation in that plasma. Production of Factor Va heavy chain and the 230 kDa Factor V fragment invariably preceded efficient prothrombin activation. These observations suggest that heparin, hirudin and D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl delay Factor V activation by inhibiting thrombin. The availability of Factor Xa markedly moderates the ability of heparin to inhibit Factor V activation.

SUBMITTER: Yang XJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1149713 | biostudies-other | 1990 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:The tremendous social and economic impact of thrombotic disorders, together with the considerable risks associated to the currently available therapies, prompt for the development of more efficient and safer anticoagulants. Novel peptide-based thrombin inhibitors were identified using in silico structure-based design and further validated in vitro. The best candidate compounds contained both L- and D-amino acids, with the general sequence D-Phe(P3)-Pro(P2)-D-Arg(P1)-P1'-CONH₂. The P1' position was scanned with L- and D-isomers of natural or unnatural amino acids, covering the major chemical classes. The most potent non-covalent and proteolysis-resistant inhibitors contain small hydrophobic or polar amino acids (Gly, Ala, Ser, Cys, Thr) at the P1' position. The lead tetrapeptide, D-Phe-Pro-D-Arg-D-Thr-CONH₂, competitively inhibits α-thrombin's cleavage of the S2238 chromogenic substrate with a K(i) of 0.92 µM. In order to understand the molecular details of their inhibitory action, the three-dimensional structure of three peptides (with P1' L-isoleucine (fPrI), L-cysteine (fPrC) or D-threonine (fPrt)) in complex with human α-thrombin were determined by X-ray crystallography. All the inhibitors bind in a substrate-like orientation to the active site of the enzyme. The contacts established between the D-Arg residue in position P1 and thrombin are similar to those observed for the L-isomer in other substrates and inhibitors. However, fPrC and fPrt disrupt the active site His57-Ser195 hydrogen bond, while the combination of a P1 D-Arg and a bulkier P1' residue in fPrI induce an unfavorable geometry for the nucleophilic attack of the scissile bond by the catalytic serine. The experimental models explain the observed relative potency of the inhibitors, as well as their stability to proteolysis. Moreover, the newly identified direct thrombin inhibitors provide a novel pharmacophore platform for developing antithrombotic agents by exploring the conformational constrains imposed by the D-stereochemistry of the residues at positions P1 and P1'.

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Activation of factor V during intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation. Inhibition by heparin, hirudin and D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Ch2Cl.

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