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Modification of human placental alkaline phosphatase by periodate-oxidized 1,N6-ethenoadenosine monophosphate.

ABSTRACT: Oxidation of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine monophosphate (epsilon AMP) with periodate cleaved the cis-diol of the ribose ring and resulted in the formation of a dialdehyde derivative (epsilon AMP-dial). At room temperature epsilon AMP-dial was unstable and underwent beta-elimination to give 4',5'-anhydro-1,N6-ethenoadenosine dialdehyde acetal (A epsilon Ado-dial). These nucleotide analogues were found to inactivate human placental alkaline phosphatase in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. epsilon AMP-dial was shown to be an affinity label for the enzyme on the basis of the following criteria. (a) Kinetics of the enzyme activity loss over a wide range of epsilon AMP-dial concentration showed a saturating phenomenon. Removal of the phosphate group made the reagent (A epsilon Ado-dial) become a general chemical modifying reagent. (b) The artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate gave substantial protection of the enzyme against inactivation. (c) epsilon AMP-dial was a substrate and a partial mixed-type inhibitor for the enzyme. Results of the inhibition and protection studies indicated that the reagent and substrate could combine with the enzyme simultaneously. Besides the phosphate-binding domain, an induced hydrophobic region is proposed for the substrate-binding site for human placental alkaline phosphatase.

SUBMITTER: Chang GG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1149763 | biostudies-other | 1990 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme with a typical alpha/beta hydrolase fold. The conformational stability of the human placental alkaline phosphatase was examined with the chemical denaturant urea. The red shifts of fluorescence spectra show a complex unfolding process involving multiple equilibrium intermediates indicating differential stability of the subdomains of the enzyme. None of these unfolding intermediates were observed in the presence of 83 mM NaCl, indicating the importance of ionic interactions in the stabilization of the unfolding intermediates. Guanidinium chloride, on the other hand, could stabilize one of the unfolding intermediates, which is not a salt effect. Some of the unfolding intermediates were also observed in circular dichroism spectroscopy, which clearly indicates steady loss of helical structure during unfolding, but very little change was observed for the beta strand content until the late stage of the unfolding process. The enzyme does not lose its phosphate-binding ability after substantial tertiary structure changes, suggesting that the substrate-binding region is more resistant to chemical denaturant than the other structural domains. Global analysis of the fluorescence spectral change demonstrated the following folding-unfolding process of the enzyme: N <--> I(1) <--> I(2) <--> I(3) <--> I(4) <--> I(5) <--> D. These discrete intermediates are stable at urea concentrations of 2.6, 4.1, 4.7, 5.5, 6.6, and 7.7 M, respectively. These intermediates are further characterized by acrylamide and/or potassium iodide quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the enzyme and by the hydrophobic probes, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid and 4,4'-dianilino-1,1'-binaphthyl-5,5'-disulfonic acid. The stepwise unfolding process was interpreted by the folding energy landscape in terms of the unique structure of the enzyme. The rigid central beta-strand domain is surrounded by the peripheral alpha-helical and coil structures, which are marginally stable toward a chemical denaturant.

Project description:Human placental alkaline phosphatase was embedded in a reverse micellar system prepared by dissolving the surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate (Aerosol-OT) in 2,2, 4-trimethylpentane. This microemulsion system provides a convenient instrumental tool to study the possible kinetic properties of the membranous enzyme in an immobilized form. The pL (pH/p2H) dependence of hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate has been examined over a pL range of 8.5-12.5 in both aqueous and reverse micellar systems. Profiles of log V versus pL were Ha-bell shaped in the acidic region but reached a plateau in the basic region in which two pKa values of 9.01-9.71 and 9.86-10.48, respectively, were observed in reverse micelles. However, only one pKa value of 9.78-10.27 in aqueous solution was detected. Profiles of log V/K versus pL were bell-shaped in the acidic region. However, they were wave-shaped in the basic region in which a residue of pKa 9.10-9.44 in aqueous solution and 8.07-8.78 in reverse micelles must be dehydronated for the reaction to reach an optimum. The V/K value shifted to a lower value upon dehydronation of a pKa value of 9.80-10.62 in aqueous solution and 11.23-12.17 in reverse micelles. Solvent kinetic isotope effects were measured at three pL values. At pL 9.5, the observed isotope effect was a product of equilibrium isotope effect and a kinetic isotope effect; at pL 10.4, the log V/K value was identical in water and deuterium. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect on V/K was 1.14 in an aqueous solution and 1.16 in reverse micelles. At pL 11.0 at which the log V values reached a plateau in either solvent system, the deuterium kinetic isotope effect on V was 2.08 in an aqueous solution and 0.62 in reverse micelles. Results from a proton inventory experiment suggested that a hydron transfer step is involved in the transition state of the catalytic reaction. The isotopic fractionation factor (pi) for deuterium for the transition state (piT) increased when the pH of the solution was raised. At pL 11.0, the piT was 1.07 in reverse micelles, which corresponds to the inverse-isotope effect of the reaction in this solvent system. Normal viscosity effects on kcat and kcat/Km were observed in aqueous solution, corresponding to a diffusional controlled physical step as the rate-limiting step. We propose that the rate-limiting step of the hydrolytic reaction changes from phosphate releasing in aqueous solution to a covalent phosphorylation or dephosphorylation step in reverse micelles.

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Modification of human placental alkaline phosphatase by periodate-oxidized 1,N6-ethenoadenosine monophosphate.

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