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Developmental changes in the type I procollagen processing pathway in chick-embryo cornea.

ABSTRACT: Type I procollagen processing in chick-embryo corneas was studied at days 12, 14 and 17 of development. Pulse-chase experiments and electrophoretic analysis of salt-soluble extracts showed developmental changes in the processing pathway. A kinetic model was fitted to the data to determine rate constants for processing of both N- and C-propeptides. Data for pro alpha 1(I)-chain processing and pro alpha 2(I)-chain processing were fitted separately (where pro means procollagen). Between days 12 and 17 the relative flux through the pC-collagen (procollagen chain lacking the N-propeptide) and pN-collagen (procollagen chain lacking the C-propeptide) pathways increased approx. 4-fold. Pro alpha 1(I) chains and pro alpha 2(I) chains were processed by slightly different routes. Variations in the rate constants were compared with electron-microscopic measurements of collagen fibril diameters at each stage of development. Diameters increased by less than 10% over the period from 12 to 17 days. It was concluded that fibril diameters are relatively insensitive to the pathway of procollagen processing in the salt-soluble pool.

SUBMITTER: Mellor SJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1151072 | biostudies-other | 1991 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Cortisol decreases the concentration of translatable type-I procollagen mRNA species in the developing chick-embryo calvaria.

Project description:The calvarial mRNA species of chick embryos were translated in the rabbit reticulocyte-lysate cell-free translation system. The amount of procollagen type-I mRNA species was determined by digestion with bacterial collagenase and by fluorography of the cell-free translation products. Administration of cortisol resulted in a specific decrease in the cellular concentration of translatable procollagen type-I mRNA species in the calvaria of developing chick embryos. There was a lag period of up to 12 h before the response, which was dose-dependent. The data suggest that the decrease in amounts of procollagen mRNA species is the main reason for the lower amount of tissue collagen after topical or systemic administration of glucocorticoids, although other factors may contribute to the response.

| S-EPMC1163297 | biostudies-other

Identification of GABA receptors in chick cornea.

Project description:PURPOSE: The cornea has an important role in vision, is highly innervated and many neurotransmitter receptors are present, e.g., muscarine, melatonin, and dopamine receptors. ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the retina and central nervous system, but it is unknown whether GABA receptors are present in cornea. The aim of this study was to determine if GABA receptors are located in chick cornea. METHODS: Corneal tissues were collected from 25, 12-day-old chicks. Real time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to determine whether alpha(1) GABA(A), GABA(B), and rho(1) GABA(C) receptors were expressed and located in chick cornea. RESULTS: Corneal tissue was positive for alpha(1) GABA(A) and rho(1) GABA(C) receptor mRNA (PCR) and protein (western blot) expression but was negative for GABA(B) receptor mRNA and protein. Alpha(1) GABA(A) and rho(1) GABA(C) receptor protein labeling was observed in the corneal epithelium using immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: These investigations clearly show that chick cornea possesses alpha(1) GABA(A), and rho(1) GABA(C) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. The purpose of the alpha(1) GABA(A) and rho(1) GABA(C) receptors in cornea is a fascinating unexplored question.

| S-EPMC3351410 | biostudies-literature

Protein disulphide-isomerase activity in chick-embryo tissues. Correlation with the biosynthesis of procollagen.

Project description:Protein disulphide-isomerase activity was determined in homogenates of chick-embryo tissues. Activities were highest in tissues active in procollagen synthesis and were maximal at the developmental stage of maximal procollagen synthesis. These variations in protein disulphide-isomerase activity correlate closely with those previously observed for protocollagen hydroxylase activities.

| S-EPMC1162291 | biostudies-other

Giantin is required for intracellular N-terminal processing of type I procollagen.

Project description:Knockout of the golgin giantin leads to skeletal and craniofacial defects driven by poorly studied changes in glycosylation and extracellular matrix deposition. Here, we sought to determine how giantin impacts the production of healthy bone tissue by focusing on the main protein component of the osteoid, type I collagen. Giantin mutant zebrafish accumulate multiple spontaneous fractures in their caudal fin, suggesting their bones may be more brittle. Inducing new experimental fractures revealed defects in the mineralization of newly deposited collagen as well as diminished procollagen reporter expression in mutant fish. Analysis of a human giantin knockout cell line expressing a GFP-tagged procollagen showed that procollagen trafficking is independent of giantin. However, our data show that intracellular N-propeptide processing of pro-α1(I) is defective in the absence of giantin. These data demonstrate a conserved role for giantin in collagen biosynthesis and extracellular matrix assembly. Our work also provides evidence of a giantin-dependent pathway for intracellular procollagen processing.

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NMR Based Cerebrum Metabonomic Analysis Reveals Simultaneous Interconnected Changes during Chick Embryo Incubation.

Project description:To find out if content changes of the major functional cerebrum metabolites are interconnected and formed a network during the brain development, we obtained high-resolution magic-angle-spinning (HR-MAS) 1H NMR spectra of cerebrum tissues of chick embryo aged from incubation day 10 to 20, and postnatal day 1, and analyzed the data with principal component analysis (PCA). Within the examined time window, 26 biological important molecules were identified and 12 of them changed their relative concentration significantly in a time-dependent manner. These metabolites are generally belonged to three categories, neurotransmitters, nutrition sources, and neuronal or glial markers. The relative concentration changes of the metabolites were interconnected among/between the categories, and, more interestingly, associated with the number and size of Nissl-positive neurons. These results provided valuable biochemical and neurochemical information to understand the development of the embryonic brain.

| S-EPMC4618859 | biostudies-literature

Proteome profiling of embryo chick retina.

Project description:BackgroundLittle is known regarding the molecular pathways that underlie the process of retinal development. The purpose of this study was to identify proteins which may be involved in development of retina. We used a proteomics-based approach to identify proteins that are up- or down-regulated during the development of the embryo chick retina.ResultsTwo-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed with the retina of embryo chicken, which was obtained from embryos of day 7 (ED7) and of day 11 (ED11). The protein spots showing significant differences were selected for identification by MALDI mass spectrometry. Thirteen proteins were differentially expressed; seven proteins were up-regulated in embryo retina of chicken at ED 11 and six proteins were down-regulated. Significant proteins were also evaluated in embryo day 15 (ED15). Some of identified proteins were known to regulate cell proliferation, cell death, transport, metabolism, organization and extracellular matrix, and others also included novel proteins.ConclusionWe identified thirteen proteins which differentially expressed in embryonal retina of chicken at day 7, as compared to the retina of embryo of day 11. They were various regulatory proteins for cellular signaling.

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Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylation and procollagen processing in chick-embryo calvaria by a derivative of pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylate. Characterization of the diethyl ester as a proinhibitor.

Project description:The biochemical and morphological consequences of procollagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibition by pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (2,4-PDCA) and its diethyl ester (diethyl-2,4-PDC) were studied in chick-embryo calvaria, which predominantly synthesize type I collagen. Half-maximal inhibition of tissue hydroxyproline formation required 650 microM-2,4-PDCA, whereas the Ki with respect to chicken prolyl 4-hydroxylase in vitro was 2 microM. In contrast, half-maximal inhibition was caused by 10 microM-diethyl-2,4-PDC in the intact calvaria, although chicken prolyl 4-hydroxylase in vitro was not inhibited even at 1 mM. The collagenous material produced in the presence of diethyl-2,4-PDC showed an altered 'melting' profile and a lowering of the transition temperature by 10 degrees C, indicating misalignment and thermal instability of its triple-helical structure. Amount and electrophoretic mobility of procollagen type I chains were increased in a dose-dependent manner. The amounts of partially processed species and alpha-chains were decreased, without change in mobility. This marked effect on procollagen-collagen conversion in the intact calvaria suggests that the underhydroxylated collagenous material generated in the presence of diethyl-2,4-PDC is resistant to or acts as endogenous secondary inhibitor of type I procollagen N-proteinase. Electron microscopy of treated calvaria cells showed dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous phagolysosomes, indicating intracellular retention and lysosomal degradation of the newly synthesized underhydroxylated collagenous material. In summary, these results identify 2,4-PDCA and diethyl-2,4-PDC as the first prolyl 4-hydroxylase-directed inhibitor/proinhibitor pair that affects intra- and extra-cellular events during collagen formation.

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Structural Basis for the Acceleration of Procollagen Processing by Procollagen C-Proteinase Enhancer-1.

Project description:Procollagen C-proteinase enhancer-1 (PCPE-1) is a secreted protein that specifically accelerates proteolytic release of the C-propeptides from fibrillar procollagens, a crucial step in fibril assembly. As such, it is a potential therapeutic target to improve tissue repair and prevent fibrosis, a major cause of mortality worldwide. Here we present the crystal structure of the active CUB1CUB2 fragment of PCPE-1 bound to the C-propeptide trimer of procollagen III (CPIII). This shows that the two CUB domains bind to two different chains of CPIII and that the N-terminal region of one CPIII chain, close to the proteolytic cleavage site, lies in the cleft between CUB1 and CUB2. This suggests that enhancing activity involves unraveling of this chain from the rest of the trimer, thus facilitating the action of the proteinase involved. Support for this hypothesis comes from site-directed mutagenesis, enzyme assays, binding studies, and molecular modeling.

| S-EPMC6372009 | biostudies-literature

COL1A1 C-propeptide mutations cause ER mislocalization of procollagen and impair C-terminal procollagen processing.

Project description:Mutations in the type I procollagen C-propeptide occur in ~6.5% of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) patients. They are of special interest because this region of procollagen is involved in ? chain selection and folding, but is processed prior to fibril assembly and is absent in mature collagen fibrils in tissue. We investigated the consequences of seven COL1A1 C-propeptide mutations for collagen biochemistry in comparison to three probands with classical glycine substitutions in the collagen helix near the C-propeptide and a normal control. Procollagens with C-propeptide defects showed the expected delayed chain incorporation, slow folding and overmodification. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that procollagen with C-propeptide defects was mislocalized to the ER lumen, in contrast to the ER membrane localization of normal procollagen and procollagen with helical substitutions. Notably, pericellular processing of procollagen with C-propeptide mutations was defective, with accumulation of pC-collagen and/or reduced production of mature collagen. In vitro cleavage assays with BMP-1?±?PCPE-1 confirmed impaired C-propeptide processing of procollagens containing mutant pro?1(I) chains. Overmodified collagens were incorporated into the matrix in culture. Dermal fibrils showed alterations in average diameter and diameter variability and bone fibrils were disorganized. Altered ER-localization and reduced pericellular processing of defective C-propeptides are expected to contribute to abnormal osteoblast differentiation and matrix function, respectively.

| S-EPMC7521940 | biostudies-literature

Procollagen C-proteinase enhancer stimulates procollagen processing by binding to the C-propeptide region only.

Project description:Bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1) and the tolloid-like metalloproteinases control several aspects of embryonic development and tissue repair. Unlike other proteinases whose activities are regulated mainly by endogenous inhibitors, regulation of BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases relies mostly on proteins that stimulate activity. Among these, procollagen C-proteinase enhancers (PCPEs) markedly increase BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinase activity on fibrillar procollagens, in a substrate-specific manner. Here, we performed a detailed quantitative study of the binding of PCPE-1 and of its minimal active fragment (CUB1-CUB2) to three regions of the procollagen III molecule: the triple helix, the C-telopeptide, and the C-propeptide. Contrary to results described elsewhere, we found the PCPE-1-binding sites to be located exclusively in the C-propeptide region. In addition, binding and enhancing activities were found to be independent of the glycosylation state of the C-propeptide. These data exclude previously proposed mechanisms for the action of PCPEs and also suggest new mechanisms to explain how these proteins can stimulate BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases by up to 20-fold.

| S-EPMC3234718 | biostudies-literature

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