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Ca2+-independent cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases from rat liver and HTC hepatoma cells.

ABSTRACT: We have separated and characterized a Ca2+- and calmodulin-insensitive cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from rat liver supernatant as well as an analogous enzyme from HTC hepatoma cells. Chromatography of rat liver supernatant on DEAE-cellulose in the presence and subsequently in the absence of 0.1 mM-CaCl2 resulted in the separation of two distinct phosphodiesterase activities, both of which preferentially hydrolysed cyclic GMP rather than cyclic AMP. One enzyme, E-Ib, was activated in the presence of Ca2+ and calmodulin, and the other, E-Ia, was not. The E-Ia enzyme, which did not bind to calmodulin-Sepharose, had Mr 325 000 and displayed anomalous kinetic behaviour [Km (cyclic GMP) 1.2 microM; Km (cyclic AMP) 15.4 microM]. The E-Ib enzyme, which bound to calmodulin-Sepharose in the presence of Ca2+, had Mr 150 000 and exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics for hydrolysis of cyclic GMP [Km (basal) 6.5 microM; Km (activated) 12.0 microM]. E-Ia activity was diminished by incubation with alpha-chymotrypsin and was unaffected by the action of a rat kidney lysosomal proteinase. Partial hydrolysis of E-Ib enzyme by alpha-chymotrypsin or the kidney proteinase resulted in irreversible activation of the enzyme. The E-I enzyme isolated from HTC hepatoma cells was similar to the rat liver E-Ia enzyme in many respects. Its apparent Mr was 325 000. Its activity was unaffected by calmodulin in the presence of Ca2+ or by incubation with the kidney proteinase, and was decreased by digestion with alpha-chymotrypsin. Unlike the liver E-Ia enzyme, however, the hepatoma enzyme exhibited normal kinetic behaviour, with Km (cyclic GMP) 3.2 microM. Although HTC cells contain two other phosphodiesterases analogous to those in rat liver and a calmodulin-like activator of phosphodiesterase, no calmodulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase was detected.

SUBMITTER: Strewler GJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1152138 | biostudies-other | 1983 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:Intracellular levels of the bacterial second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) are controlled by antagonistic activities of diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases. The phosphodiesterase PdeH was identified as a key regulator of motility in Escherichia coli, while deletions of any of the other 12 genes encoding potential phosphodiesterases did not interfere with motility. To analyze the roles of E. coli phosphodiesterases, we demonstrated that most of these proteins are expressed under laboratory conditions. We next isolated suppressor mutations in six phosphodiesterase genes, which reinstate motility in the absence of PdeH by reducing cellular levels of c-di-GMP. Expression of all mutant alleles also led to a reduction of biofilm formation. Thus, all of these proteins are bona fide phosphodiesterases that are capable of interfering with different c-di-GMP-responsive output systems by affecting the global c-di-GMP pool. This argues that E. coli possesses several phosphodiesterases that are inactive under laboratory conditions because they lack appropriate input signals. Finally, one of these phosphodiesterases, PdeL, was studied in more detail. We demonstrated that this protein acts as a transcription factor to control its own expression. Motile suppressor alleles led to a strong increase of PdeL activity and elevated pdeL transcription, suggesting that enzymatic activity and transcriptional control are coupled. In agreement with this, we showed that overall cellular levels of c-di-GMP control pdeL transcription and that this control depends on PdeL itself. We thus propose that PdeL acts both as an enzyme and as a c-di-GMP sensor to couple transcriptional activity to the c-di-GMP status of the cell.Most bacteria possess multiple diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases. Genetic studies have proposed that these enzymes show signaling specificity by contributing to distinct cellular processes without much cross talk. Thus, spatial separation of individual c-di-GMP signaling units was postulated. However, since most cyclases and phosphodiesterases harbor N-terminal signal input domains, it is equally possible that most of these enzymes lack their activating signals under laboratory conditions, thereby simulating signaling specificity on a genetic level. We demonstrate that a subset of E. coli phosphodiesterases can be activated genetically to affect the global c-di-GMP pool and thus influence different c-di-GMP-dependent processes. Although this does not exclude spatial confinement of individual phosphodiesterases, this study emphasizes the importance of environmental signals for activation of phosphodiesterases.

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Ca2+-independent cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases from rat liver and HTC hepatoma cells.

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