Redox-linked spin-state changes in the di-haem cytochrome c-551 peroxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Foote N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1152606 | biostudies-other | 1985 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Hydrogen exchange rates for backbone amide protons of oxidized Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 (P. aeruginosa cytochrome c) have been measured in the presence of low concentrations of the denaturant guanidine hydrochloride. Analysis of the data has allowed identification of submolecular unfolding units known as foldons. The highest-energy foldon bears similarity to the proposed folding intermediate for P. aeruginosa cytochrome c. Parallels are seen to the foldons of the structurally homologous horse cytochrome c, although the heme axial methionine-bearing loop has greater local stability in P. aeruginosa cytochrome c, in accord with previous folding studies. Regions of low local stability are observed to correspond with regions that interact with redox partners, providing a link between foldon properties and function.
| S-EPMC2654780 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The reaction of ascorbate-reduced Pseudomonas cytochrome oxidase with oxygen was studied by using stopped-flow techniques at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. The observed time courses were complex, the reaction consisting of three phases. Of these, only the fastest process, with a second-order rate constant of 3.3 X 10(4) M-1.S-1, was dependent on oxygen concentration. The two slower processes were first-order reactions with rates of 1.0 +/- 0.4s-1 and 0.1 +/- 0.03s-1. A kinetic titration experiment revealed that the enzyme had a relatively low affinity constant for oxygen, approx. 10(4)M-1. Kinetic difference spectra were determined for all three reaction phases, showing each to have different characteristics. The fast-phase difference spectrum showed that changes occurred at both the haem c and haem d1 components of the enzyme during this process. These changes were consistent with the haem c becoming oxidized, but with the haem d1 assuming a form that did not correspond to the normal oxidized state, a situation that was not restored even after the second kinetic phase, which reflected further changes in the haem d1 component. The results are discussed in terms of a kinetic scheme.
| S-EPMC1185743 | biostudies-other
Project description:The magnetic properties at different temperatures of oxidized Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 peroxidase were studied, with the use of the technique of magnetic-circular-dichroism spectroscopy. At 4.2K, both constituent haems were found to be low-spin, and the axial ligand pairs were identified as histidine-histidine and histidine-methionine. At room temperature high-spin signals were observed, amounting to less than 25% of the total haem present. These signals are concluded to arise mainly from a temperature-dependent spin-state equilibrium in the methionine-ligated haem.
| S-EPMC1144309 | biostudies-other
Project description:Cytochrome c-551 was prepared from nine different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and six of Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype C, and their amino acid sequences were compared with the sequences previously determined for the cytochromes of type strains of each species. The standard of sequence examination was such that all single amino acid substitutions, delections or insertions ought to have been detected. Balanced double changes in sites in the same part of the sequence might have escaped detection. The standard of some of the quantitative amino acid analyses was not as high as would be required for the investigation of completely unknown sequences. Eight of the Ps. aeruginosa sequences could not be distinguished from the type sequence, whereas the ninth had a single amino acid substitution. The sequences from Ps. fluorescens biotype C were more varied, differing in from zero to four substitutions from the type sequence, with the most diverse sequences differing in seven positions. The results for Ps. aeruginosa are interpreted as evidence that neutral mutations are not responsible for much molecular evolution. The superficially paradoxical differences in the results for the two species are discussed.
| S-EPMC1166074 | biostudies-other
Project description:Cytochromes of the c type with histidine-methionine (His-Met) heme axial ligation play important roles in electron-transfer reactions and in enzymes. In this work, two series of cytochrome c mutants derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa c-551) and from the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea (Ne c-552) were engineered and overexpressed. In these proteins, point mutations were induced in a key residue (Asn64) near the Met axial ligand; these mutations have a considerable impact both on heme ligand-field strength and on the Met orientation and dynamics (fluxionality), as judged by low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Ne c-552 has a ferric low-spin (S = 1/2) EPR signal characterized by large g anisotropy with g(max) resonance at 3.34; a similar large g(max) value EPR signal is found in the mitochondrial complex III cytochrome c1. In Ne c-552, deletion of Asn64 (NeN64Delta) changes the heme ligand field from more axial to rhombic (small g anisotropy and g(max) at 3.13) and furthermore hinders the Met fluxionality present in the wild-type protein. In Pa c-551 (g(max) at 3.20), replacement of Asn64 with valine (PaN64V) induces a decrease in the axial strain (g(max) at 3.05) and changes the Met configuration. Another set of mutants prepared by insertion (ins) and/or deletion (Delta) of a valine residue adjacent to Asn64, resulting in modifications in the length of the axial Met-donating loop (NeV65Delta, NeG50N/V65Delta, PaN50G/V65ins), did not result in appreciable alterations of the originally weak (Ne c-552) or very weak (Pa c-551) axial field but had an impact on Met orientation, fluxionality, and relaxation dynamics. Comparison of the electronic fingerprints in the overexpressed proteins and their mutants reveals a linear relationship between axial strain and average paramagnetic heme methyl shifts, irrespective of Met orientation or dynamics. Thus, for these His-Met axially coordinated Fe(III), the large g(max) value EPR signal does not represent a special case as is observed for bis-His axially coordinated Fe(III) with the two His planes perpendicular to each other.
| S-EPMC2664661 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A procedure is described for the purification of cytochrome c peroxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa involving extraction by sonication, followed by acid precipitation and chromatography on only two types of gel. The final preparation had a purity ratio A407/A280 of 4.2, and was found to be essentially pure by isoelectric focusing. The enzyme was shown to be unstable during degassing under vacuum except in the presence of detergent. The kinetics of CO binding to dithionite-reduced peroxidase were studied with stopped-flow and flash-photolysis techniques, and the results obtained between pH 5 and 7 suggest the existence of two forms of dithionite-reduced enzyme in slow equilibrium.
| S-EPMC1154148 | biostudies-other
Project description:The half-reduced, fully reduced and fully reduced CO-bound forms of the enzyme cytochrome c-551 peroxidase isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined by a combination of low-temperature absorption and magnetic-circular-dichroism spectroscopy. Deliberate low-temperature (4.2K) photolysis of these forms of the enzyme, in all of which the high-potential haem is in the ferrous state, revealed that this haem group, assigned to have a histidine-methionine ligand set, is photosensitive. The photolabile ligand is most likely to be the methionine residue, and the product of photolysis, namely the high-spin (S = 2) ferrous form, is stable at low temperature (4.2K). Warming to approx. 20K allows thermal recombination to occur, restoring the low-spin (S = 0) state. The low-potential haem (bis-histidine ligation) is photoinert in both ferric and ferrous states; however, the photosensitive CO adduct of this centre cannot be maintained as the photolysed (S = 2) product at 4.2K. This surprising observation may be due to quantum-mechanical tunnelling of the CO through the activation barrier even at 4.2K, implying that the activation barrier to thermal recombination is both narrow and low. Low-temperature absorption spectroscopy reveals that the high-potential haem has a very characteristic low-spin ferrous spectrum with intense highly structured beta- and split alpha-bands, whereas the spectrum of the low-potential ferrous haem contains alpha- and beta-bands devoid of fine structure.
| S-EPMC1144310 | biostudies-other
Project description:The redox reaction between cytochrome c-551 and its oxidase from the respiratory chain of pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied by rapid-mixing techniques at both pH7 and 9.1. The electron transfer in the direction of cytochrome c-551 reduction, starting with the oxidase in the reduced and CO-bound form, is monophasic, and the governing bimolecular rate constants are 1.3(+/- 0.2) x 10(7) M-1 . s-1 at pH 9.1 and 4 (+/- 1) x 10(6) M-1 . s-1 at pH 7.0. In the opposite direction, i.e. mixing the oxidized oxidase with the reduced cytochrome c-551 in the absence of O2, both a lower absorbance change and a more complex kinetic pattern were observed. With oxidized azurin instead of oxidized cytochrome c-551 the oxidation of the c haem in the CO-bound oxidase is also monophasic, and the second-order rate constant is 2 (+/- 0.7) x 10(6) M-1 . s-1 at pH 9.1. The redox potential of the c haem in the oxidase, as obtained from kinetic titrations of the completely oxidized enzyme with reduced azurin as the variable substrate, is 288 mV at pH 7.0 and 255 mV at pH 9.1. This is in contrast with the very high affinity observed in similar titrations performed with both oxidized azurin and oxidized cytochrome c-551 starting from the CO derivative of the reduced oxidase. It is concluded that: (i) azurin and cytochrome c-551 are not equally efficient in vitro as reducing substrates of the oxidase in the respiratory chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; (ii) CO ligation to the d1 haem in the oxidase induces a large decrease (at least 80 mV) in the redox potential of the c-haem moiety.
| S-EPMC1158249 | biostudies-other
Project description:The kinetics of oxidation of azurin and cytochrome c-551 catalysed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome oxidase were re-investigated, and the steady-state parameters were evaluated by parametric and non-parametric methods. At low concentrations of substrates (e.g. less than or equal to 50 microM) the values obtained for Km and catalytic-centre activity are respectively 15 +/- 3 microM and 77 +/- 6 min-1 for azurin and 2.15 +/- 0.23 microM and 66 +/- 2 min-1 for cytochrome c-551, in general accord with previous reports assigning to cytochrome c-551 the higher affinity for the enzyme and to azurin a slightly higher catalytic rate. However, when the cytochrome c-551 concentration was extended well beyond the value of Km, the initial velocity increased, and eventually almost doubled at a substrate concentration greater than or equal to 100 microM. This result suggests a 'half-hearted' behaviour, since at relatively low cytochrome c-551 concentrations only one of the two identical binding sites of the dimeric enzyme seems to be catalytically active, possibly because of unfavourable interactions influencing the stability of the Michaelis-Menten complex at the second site. When reduced azurin and cytochrome c-551 are simultaneously exposed to Ps. aeruginosa cytochrome oxidase, the observed steady-state oxidation kinetics are complex, as expected in view of the rapid electron transfer between cytochrome c-551 and azurin in the free state. In spite of this complexity, it seems likely that a mechanism involving a simple competition between the two substrates for the same active site on the enzyme is operative. Addition of a chemically modified and redox inactive form of azurin (Hg-azurin) had no effect on the initial rate of oxidation of either azurin and cytochrome c-551, but clearly altered the time course of the overall process by removing, at least partially, the product inhibition. The results lead to the following conclusions: (i) reduced azurin and cytochrome c-551 bind at the same site on the enzyme, and thus compete; (ii) Hg-azurin binds at a regulatory site, competing with the product rather than the substrate; (iii) the two binding sites on the dimeric enzyme, though intrinsically equivalent, display unfavourable interactions. Since water is the product of the reduction of oxygen, point (iii) has important implications for the reaction mechanism.
| S-EPMC1152686 | biostudies-other
Project description:The electron-transfer reactions of cellobiose oxidase (CBO) have been investigated by conventional and by rapid-scan stopped-flow spectroscopy at pH 6.0. Analysis of the absorbance/time/wavelength matrix by Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) confirms earlier studies showing that cellobiose rapidly reduces the flavin group (7.7 s-1; cellobiose, 100 microM) which in turn slowly (0.2 s-1) reduces the cytochrome b moiety. In the presence of CBO, cellobiose reduces cytochromes c in a reaction that does not depend on oxygen or superoxide. The rate limit for this process is independent of the source of the cytochromes c and is identical with the rate of cytochrome b reduction. Rapid-mixing experiments show that cytochrome b may donate electrons very rapidly to either mammalian cytochrome c or bacterial cytochrome c-551. The reactions were second-order (kc = 1.75 x 10(7) M-1 x s-1; kc-551 = 4.3 x 10(6) M-1 x s-1; pH 6.0, 21 degrees C and I0.064) and strongly ionic-strength (I)-dependent: kc decreasing with I and kc-551 increasing with I. These results suggest the electron-transfer site near cytochrome b bears a significant negative charge. Equilibrium gel chromatography confirms that CBO oxidase and positively charged mammalian cytochrome c make stable complexes. These results are discussed in terms of a model suggesting an electron-transfer role for cytochrome b in vivo, possibly connected with radical-mediated cellulose breakdown.
| S-EPMC1137943 | biostudies-other