Effects of glucagon in vivo on the N-acetylglutamate, glutamate and glutamine contents of rat liver.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Staddon JM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1153292 | biostudies-other | 1984 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Previous studies have shown that the glutamate/glutamine (Glu/Gln) neurotransmitter cycle and neuronal glucose oxidation are proportional (1:1), with increasing neuronal activity above isoelectricity. GABA, a product of Glu metabolism, is synthesized from astroglial Gln and contributes to total Glu/Gln neurotransmitter cycling, although the fraction contributed by GABA is unknown. In the present study, we used (13)C NMR spectroscopy together with i.v. infusions of [1,6-(13)C(2)]glucose and [2-(13)C]acetate to separately determine rates of Glu/Gln and GABA/Gln cycling and their respective tricarboxylic acid cycles in the rat cortex under conditions of halothane anesthesia and pentobarbital-induced isoelectricity. Under 1% halothane anesthesia, GABA/Gln cycle flux comprised 23% of total (Glu plus GABA) neurotransmitter cycling and 18% of total neuronal tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. In isoelectric cortex, glucose oxidation was reduced >3-fold in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, and neurotransmitter cycling was below detection. Hence, in both cell types, the primary energetic costs are associated with neurotransmission, which increase together as cortical activity is increased. The contribution of GABAergic neurons and inhibition to cortical energy metabolism has broad implications for the interpretation of functional imaging signals.
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Project description:Rats were stressed by intravenous injection, tail-warming or moderate restraint for 30s, i.e. by stresses imposed by normal handling during experiment. Liver glutamate concentrations were greatly affected. The results were substantially the same in two varieties of rat (Wistar and Sprague-Dawley), in two laboratories, in experiments carried out by two sets of workers, and after all three stresses. The following detailed results refer to Wistar rats. 1. In starved rats at 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C and in post-absorptive rats at 20 degrees C stress by injection raised liver glutamate concentrations from 1.54, 1.57 and 1.88mumol/g wet wt. 30s after injection to 3.4, 2.7 and 3.6mumol/g wet wt. respectively a few minutes later. In starved rats at 20 degrees C the concentration then fell slowly to 2.3mumol/g wet wt., in starved rats at 30 degrees C it remained steady, and in post-absorptive rats at 20 degrees C it rose slowly to about 4.3mumol/g wet wt. The final values seemed fairly steady and corresponded to an ;alert' state. 2. In starved rats at 20 degrees C anaesthesia, with or without injection or cannulation during it, raised glutamate concentrations to the ;alert' values, which were maintained for 2-3h. 3. Liver alanine concentration in post-absorptive rats initially fell from 1.5 to 0.8mumol/g, and then stayed fairly constant. 4. Aspartate and glutamine concentrations altered only in starved rats, and proportionately much less than those of glutamate. 5. The necessity for knowing the time-dependence of glutamate concentrations after experimental handling is emphasized. 6. There is no wholly satisfactory explanation of the observations.
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Project description:Addition of phenylephrine to isolated perfused rat liver is followed by an increased 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glutamate, [1-14C]glutamine, [U-14C]proline and [3-14C]pyruvate, but by a decreased 14CO2 production from [1-14C]pyruvate. Simultaneously, there is a considerable decrease in tissue content of 2-oxoglutarate, glutamate and citrate. Stimulation of 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glutamate is also observed in the presence of amino-oxyacetate, suggesting a stimulation of glutamate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase fluxes by phenylephrine. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase flux by phenylephrine is due to an increased 2-oxoglutarate dehydroxygenase flux. Phenylephrine stimulates glutaminase flux and inhibits glutamine synthetase flux to a similar extent, resulting in an increased hepatic glutamine uptake. Whereas the effects of NH4+ ions and phenylephrine on glutaminase flux were additive, activation of glutaminase by glucagon was considerably diminished in the presence of phenylephrine. The reported effects are largely overcome by prazosin, indicating the involvement of alpha-adrenergic receptors in the action of phenylephrine. It is concluded that stimulation of gluconeogenesis from various amino acids by phenylephrine is due to an increased flux through glutamate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle.
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Project description:Our understanding of the roles that the amino acids glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) play in the mammalian central nervous system has increased rapidly in recent times. Many conditions are known to exhibit a disturbance in Glu-Gln equilibrium, and the exact relationships between these changed conditions and these amino acids are not fully understood. This has led to increased interest in Glu/Gln quantitation in the human brain in an array of conditions (e.g. mental illness, tumor, neuro-degeneration) as well as in normal brain function. Accordingly, this review has been undertaken to describe the increasing number of in vivo techniques available to study Glu and Gln separately, or pooled as 'Glx'. The present MRS methods used to assess Glu and Gln vary in approach, complexity, and outcome, thus the focus of this review is on a description of MRS acquisition approaches, and an indication of relative utility of each technique rather than brain pathologies associated with Glu and/or Gln perturbation. Consequently, this review focuses particularly on (1) one-dimensional (1)H MRS, (2) two-dimensional (1)H MRS, and (3) one-dimensional (13)C MRS techniques.
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Project description:There is increasing evidence that membrane transporters for glutamine and glutamate are involved in control of liver metabolism in health and disease. We therefore investigated the effects of three catabolic states [starvation (60 h), diabetes (4 days after streptozotocin treatment) and corticosteroid (8-day dexamethasone) treatment] associated with altered hepatic amino acid metabolism on the activity of glutamine and glutamate transporters in sinusoidal membrane vesicles from livers of treated rats. In control preparations, L-[14C]glutamine uptake was largely Na(+)-dependent, but L-[14C]glutamate uptake was largely Na(+)-independent. Vmax. values for Na(+)-dependent uptake of glutamine and/or glutamate exceeded control values (by about 2- and 12-fold respectively) in liver membrane vesicles from starved (glutamine), diabetic (glutamate) or steroid-treated (glutamine and glutamate) rats. The Km values for Na(+)-dependent transport of glutamine or glutamate and the rates of their Na(+)-independent uptake were not significantly altered by any treatment. Na(+)-independent glutamate uptake appeared to include a dicarboxylate-exchange component. The patterns of inhibition of glutamine and glutamate uptake by other amino acids indicated that the apparent induction of Na(+)-dependent amino acid transport in catabolic states included increased functional expression of systems A, N (both for glutamine) and X-ag (for glutamate). The results demonstrate that conditions resulting in increased secretion of catabolic hormones (e.g. corticosteroid, glucagon) are associated with increased capacity for Na(+)-dependent transport of amino acids into liver cells from the blood. The modulation of hepatic permeability to glutamine and glutamate in these situations may control the availability of amino acids for intrahepatic metabolic processes such as ureagenesis, ammonia detoxification and gluconeogenesis.
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Project description:Glucagon (250 microgram/kg body wt.) intravenously injected into normal fed rats produces within 5 min a marked inactivation of liver phosphofructokinase, only observed when the enzyme activity is measured at subsaturating concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate. Since half-maximal inactivation is observed at a dose of glucagon of 0.32 microgram/body wt., a dose within the range of the physiological concentrations of the hormone, the inactivation of phosphofructokinase can occur in vivo in response to physiological changes in the concentration of glucagon. In gluconeogenic conditions (starved rats or high-protein-diet-fed rats), there is a marked inactivation of liver phosphofructokinase at subsaturating concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate similar to that found in normal fed rats after glucagon treatment. In these gluconeogenic conditions a 50% decrease in the Vmax. of the enzyme is also observed. No significant changes in phosphofructokinase activity either at subsaturating concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate or in the Vmax. of the enzyme are observed when rats are fed on a high-carbohydrate diet. In the last dietary condition, glucagon treatment produces similar effects to that described in the normal fed rats. Similar results have been obtained in the above condtions for pyruvate kinase L activity when measured at subsaturating concentrations of phosphoenolpyruvate.
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Project description:SLC38A6 (SNAT6) is the only known member of the SLC38 family that is expressed exclusively in the excitatory neurons of the brain. It has been described as an orphan transporter with an unknown substrate profile, therefore very little is known about SNAT6. In this study, we addressed the substrate specificity, mechanisms for internalization of SNAT6, and the regulatory role of SNAT6 with specific insights into the glutamate-glutamine cycle. We used tritium-labeled amino acids in order to demonstrate that SNAT6 is functioning as a glutamine and glutamate transporter. SNAT6 revealed seven predicted transmembrane segments in a homology model and was localized to caveolin rich sites at the plasma membrane. SNAT6 has high degree of specificity for glutamine and glutamate. Presence of these substrates enables formation of SNAT6-caveolin complexes that aids in sodium dependent trafficking of SNAT6 off the plasma membrane. To further understand its mode of action, several potential interacting partners of SNAT6 were identified using bioinformatics. Among them where CTP synthase 2 (CTPs2), phosphate activated glutaminase (Pag), and glutamate metabotropic receptor 2 (Grm2). Co-expression analysis, immunolabeling with co-localization analysis and proximity ligation assays of these three proteins with SNAT6 were performed to investigate possible interactions. SNAT6 can cycle between cytoplasm and plasma membrane depending on availability of substrates and interact with Pag, synaptophysin, CTPs2, and Grm2. Our data suggest a potential role of SNAT6 in glutamine uptake at the pre-synaptic terminal of excitatory neurons. We propose here a mechanistic model of SNAT6 trafficking that once internalized influences the glutamate-glutamine cycle in presence of its potential interacting partners.
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Project description:BackgroundThe auditory P3 event-related potential (ERP) is thought to index cognitive processing relevant to attention and working memory processes. Drug challenge studies suggest that glutamate neurotransmission plays an important role in modulating P3 ERP. However, while direct links between glutamate activity and P3 ERP response in humans are suspected, mechanistic details remain largely unknown. We investigated here the relationships between P3 ERP and indices of glutamatergic processing measured in vivo with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS). We hypothesized that a higher index of glutamatergic processing (glutamine/glutamate ratio; abbreviated Gln/Glu) in the anterior cingulate (ACC) and in the parietal-occipital (POC) cortices would associate with larger frontal P3a and parietal P3b amplitudes, respectively.MethodsFrontal P3a (Fz) and parietal P3b (Pz) were collected from 32 healthy participants who performed an auditory oddball task. Resting glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and Gln/Glu (an index of glutamatergic processing) measures were obtained on a 4T MR scanner using J-resolved MR spectroscopy. Linear regression and partial correlations were used for statistical analysis.ResultsSignificant positive correlations were found between frontal P3a amplitude and ACC Gln/Glu ratio (partial R=0.57; P=0.001) and between frontal P3a amplitude and ACC Gln concentration (partial R=0.43; P=0.02). Relationships between parietal P3b and the glutamate indices in the POC were not significant.ConclusionsThese results indicate a specific connection between an index of glutamate neurotransmitter function in ACC and frontal P3 ERP, providing a novel insight into the neurochemistry underlying scalp recorded EEG response. Abnormalities in glutamate neurotransmission have been observed in schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions and may underlie illness related deficits of P3 ERP.
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