Kinetics of the inhibition of human leucocyte elastase by eglin from the leech Hirudo medicinalis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Baici A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1153411 | biostudies-other | 1984 Mar
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Recombinant eglin c is a potent reversible inhibitor of human pancreatic elastase. At pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C, kass. = 7.3 x 10(5) M-1.s-1, kdiss. = 2.7 x 10(-4) s-1 and Ki = 3.7 x 10(-10) M. Stopped-flow kinetic indicate that the formation of the stable enzyme-inhibitor complex is not preceded by a fast pre-equilibrium complex or that the latter has a dissociation constant greater than 0.3 microM. The elastase-eglin c complex is much less stable at pH 5.0 and 25 degrees C, where kdiss. = 1.1 x 10(-2) s-1 and Ki = 7.3 x 10(-8) M. At pH 7.4 the activation energy for kass. is 43.9 kJ.mol-1 (10.5 kcal.mol-1). The kass. increases between pH 5.0 and 8.0 and remains essentially constant up to pH 9.0. This pH-dependence could not be described by a simple ionization curve. Both alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor are able to dissociate the elastase-eglin c complex, as evidenced by measurement of the enzymic activity of alpha 2-macroglobulin-bound elastase or by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of mixtures of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and elastase-eglin c complex. The rough estimate of kdiss. obtained with the alpha 2-macroglobulin dissociation experiment (1.6 x 10(-4) s-1) was of the same order of magnitude as the constant measured with the progress curve method. Eglin c strongly inhibits the solubilization of human aorta elastin by human pancreatic elastase. The extent of inhibition is the same whether elastase is added to a suspension of elastin and eglin c or whether elastase is preincubated with elastin for 3 min before addition of eglin c. However, the efficiency of the inhibitor sharply decreases if elastase is reacted with elastin for more prolonged periods.
| S-EPMC1131779 | biostudies-other
Project description:Leucocyte proteinases, e.g. leucocyte elastase and cathepsin G, are inhibited by heparin. The activities of pig pancreatic and Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastases are unaffected by this polysaccharide. Heparin derivatives of known Mr and degree of sulphation were isolated. The inhibition of leucocyte elastase by these oligosaccharides can be classified as tight-binding hyperbolic non-competitive. Ki values ranged from 40 nM to 100 microM and were found to be inversely correlated with the chain length of the oligosaccharides. Desulphated compounds lacked inhibitory potential towards leucocyte elastase. Over-O-sulphated di- and tetra-saccharides are more potent inhibitors than their over-N-sulphated counterparts. It is proposed that the therapeutic use of heparin and its derivatives could be extended to disease states such as emphysema and rheumatoid arthritis, where the role of leucocyte elastase has been clearly established.
| S-EPMC1149174 | biostudies-other
Project description:Several pentacyclic triterpenoid metabolites of plant origin are inhibitors of hydrolysis of both synthetic peptide substrates and elastin by human leucocyte elastase (HLE). Ursolic acid, the most potent of these compounds, has an inhibition constant of 4-6 microM for hydrolysis of peptide substrates in phosphate-buffered saline. With tripeptide and tetrapeptide substrates, the inhibition is purely competitive, whereas with a shorter dipeptide substrate the inhibition is non-competitive, suggesting that ursolic acid interacts with subsite S3 of the extended substrate-binding domain in HLE, but not with subsites S1 and S2. The carboxy group at position 28 in the pentacyclic-ring system of the triterpenes contributes to binding to HLE, since replacement of this group with a hydroxy group, as in uvaol, the alcohol analogue of ursolic acid, reduces the potency of inhibition. The inhibitory potency of ursolic acid is also reduced by addition of 1 M-NaCl, further supporting a postulated electrostatic interaction between the negative charge on the triterpene and a positively charged residue on the enzyme, which we assign to the side chain of Arg-217, located in the vicinity of subsites S4 and S5 in HLE. These observations are consistent with a binding site for ursolic acid which extends from S3 towards S4 and S5 on the enzyme. Other triterpenes, including oleanolic acid, erythrodiol, hederagenin and 18 beta-glycyrrhetic acid, can also interact with this binding site. On the basis of these results we conclude that the extended substrate-binding domain of HLE can accommodate a variety of hydrophobic ligands, including not only such molecules as fatty acids [Ashe & Zimmerman (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 75, 194-199; Cook & Ternai (1988) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 369, 629-637], but also polycyclic molecules such as the pentacyclic triterpenoids.
| S-EPMC1151264 | biostudies-other
Project description:ScopeInhibiting human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is a promising strategy for treating inflammatory lung diseases, such as H1N1 and SARS virus infections. The use of sivelestat, the only clinically registered synthesized HNE inhibitor, is largely limited by its risk of organ toxicity because it irreversibly inhibits HNE. Therefore, potent reversible HNE inhibitors are promising alternatives to sivelestat.Methods and resultsAn in vitro HNE inhibition assay was employed to screen a series of triterpenes. Six pentacyclic triterpenes, but not tetracyclic triterpenes, significantly inhibited HNE. Of these pentacyclic triterpenes, ursolic acid exhibited the highest inhibitory potency (IC50 = 5.51 µM). The HNE inhibitory activity of ursolic acid was further verified using a mouse model of acute smoke-induced lung inflammation. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance and HNE inhibition kinetic analysis showed that the pentacyclic triterpenes competitively and reversibly inhibited HNE. Molecular docking experiments indicated that the molecular scaffold, 28-COOH, and a double bond at an appropriate location in the pentacyclic triterpenes are important for their inhibitory activity.ConclusionOur results provide insights into the effects of pentacyclic triterpenes on lung inflammatory actions through reversible inhibition of HNE activity.
| S-EPMC3869726 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We have investigated the effect of human lung elastin on the inhibition of human leucocyte elastase by human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and bronchial inhibitor. Elastin was unable to dissociate the elastase-inhibitor complexes during the 150 min of the elastolysis reaction. When elastase was added to mixtures of elastin and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, it was fully bound to the latter. The competition between elastin and bronchial inhibitor was also in favour of the latter, but a 1.5 molar excess of inhibitor over elastase was required to achieve total binding of the enzyme. About 25% of elastin-bound elastase was found to be resistant to the inhibitory effect of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. The major isoenzyme and the mixture of the three minor isoenzymes of elastase exhibited similar behaviour. By contrast, bronchial inhibitor was as efficient in inhibiting the elastin-bound elastase as it was in inhibiting the free enzyme. This inhibitor was also able to inhibit fully the fraction of elastin-bound elastase that was resistant to alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. We also describe a rapid procedure for the isolation of gram quantities of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor.
| S-EPMC1147125 | biostudies-other
Project description:Leucocyte elastase in catalytic amounts was observed to rapidly cleave the Val-10-Gly-11 bond of the human cysteine-proteinase inhibitor cystatin C at neutral pH. The resulting modified inhibitor had size and amino acid composition consistent with a cystatin C molecule devoid of the N-terminal Ser-1-Val-10 decapeptide. Leucocyte-elastase-modified cystatin C had more than 240-fold lower affinity than native cystatin C for papain. Removal of the N-terminal decapeptide of human cystatin C also decreased inhibition of human cathepsins B and L by three orders of magnitude, but decreased inhibition of cathepsin H by only 5-fold. A tripeptidyldiazomethane analogue of of the N-terminal portion of cystatin C was a good inhibitor of cathepsins B and L but a poor inhibitor of cathepsin H. It therefore appears that amino acid side chains of the N-terminal segment of cystatin C bind in the substrate-binding pockets of cathepsins B and L but not in those of cathepsin H. It is argued that the N-terminal cystatin C interaction with cathepsin B is physiologically important and hence that leucocyte elastase could have a function as a regulator of extracellular cysteine-proteinase inhibitory activity at sites of inflammation.
| S-EPMC1149809 | biostudies-other
Project description:The kinetics of binding of recombinant eglin c to bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin was studied by conventional and stopped-flow techniques. With nanomolar enzyme and inhibitor concentrations, the inhibition was fast and pseudo-irreversible (k(assoc.) = 4 x 10(6) m-1.s-1 at 7.4 and 25 degrees C). Reaction of the enzyme-inhibitor complex with alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, an irreversible chymotrypsin ligand, resulted in a slow release of free eglin c, which was monitored by electrophoresis (k(dissoc.) approximately 1.6 x 10(-6) s-1, t1/2 approximately 5 days). The proflavin displacement method and a stopped-flow apparatus were used to monitor the association of chymotrypsin with eglin c under a wide range of inhibitor concentration and under pseudo-first-order conditions. At pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C or 5 degrees C, or at pH 5.0 and 25 degrees C, the pseudo-first-order rate constant of proflavin displacement increased linearly with eglin c up to the highest concentration tested, suggesting a one-step bimolecular association reaction: E + I in equilibrium with EI. However, kassoc. is much lower than the rate constant for a bimolecular reaction and its activation energy (66 kJ.mol-1 at pH 7.4 and 78 kJ.mol-1 at pH 5.0) is far too high for a diffusion-controlled step. The enzyme-inhibitor association may therefore occur via a loose pre-equilibrium complex EI* (Ki* much greater than 5 x 10(-4) M) that rapidly isomerizes (k2 much greater than 2 x 10(3) s-1) into an extremely stable final complex (Ki approximately 4 x 10(-13) M). Unlike other proteinase-inhibitor systems, the chymotrypsin-eglin association is virtually pH-independent.
| S-EPMC1130594 | biostudies-other
Project description:Background and purposeThe serine and cysteine peptidase inhibitor, BbCI, isolated from Bauhinia bauhinioides seeds, is similar to the classical plant Kunitz inhibitor, STI, but lacks disulphide bridges and methionine residues. BbCI blocks activity of the serine peptidases, elastase (K(iapp) 5.3 nM) and cathepsin G (K(iapp) 160.0 nM), and the cysteine peptidase cathepsin L (K(iapp) 0.2 nM). These three peptidases play important roles in the inflammatory process.Experimental approachWe measured the effects of BbCI on paw oedema and on leucocyte accumulation in pleurisy, both induced by carrageenan. Leucocyte-endothelial cell interactions in scrotal microvasculature in Wistar rats were investigated using intravital microscopy. Cytokine levels in pleural exudate and serum were measured by elisa.Key resultsPretreatment of the animals with BbCI (2.5 mg·kg(-1)), 30 min before carrageenan-induced inflammation, effectively reduced paw oedema and bradykinin release, neutrophil migration into the pleural cavity. The number of rolling, adhered and migrated leucocytes at the spermatic fascia microcirculation following carrageenan injection into the scrotum were reduced by BbCI pretreatment. Furthermore, levels of the rat chemokine cytokine-induced neutrophil chemo-attractant-1 were significantly reduced in both pleural exudates and serum from animals pretreated with BbCI. Levels of interleukin-1β or tumour necrosis factor-α, however, did not change.Conclusions and implicationsTaken together, our data suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of BbCI may be useful in investigations of other pathological processes in which human neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and cathepsin L play important roles.
| S-EPMC2992903 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The kinetic investigation of the inhibition of human pancreatic trypsin 1, trypsin 2 and chymotrypsin A by mucus proteinase inhibitor, eglin c and aprotinin reveals that (i) the first protein is a potent inhibitor of chymotrypsin A (kass. = 1.4 x 10(6) M-1.s-1, Ki = 71 pM) but forms loose complexes with trypsin 1 (Ki = 0.5 microM) and trypsin 2 (Ki = 18 nM), (ii) eglin c does not inhibit the two trypsins but forms a tight complex with chymotrypsin A (kass. = 3.3 x 10(6) M-1.s-1, Ki < 0.1 nM) and (iii) aprotinin is a potent inhibitor of trypsin 1 (kass. = 1 x 10(6) M-1.s-1, Ki < 0.2 nM) and trypsin 2 (kass. = 2.4 x 10(5) M-1.s-1, Ki < 1 nM) but forms a loose complex with chymotrypsin A (Ki = 0.17 microM). These data, together with those published previously on human pancreatic elastase, suggest that a cocktail of aprotinin + eglin c might be a better intensive-care drug for acute pancreatitis than aprotinin alone, because it will efficiently inhibit all four human pancreatic proteinases. On the other hand, human gastric juice inactivates mucus proteinase inhibitor by pepsin-mediated cleavage. This indicates that the fraction of mucus proteinase inhibitor that reaches the stomach following aerosol delivery to cystic fibrosis patients does not reach the duodenum in an active form and, therefore, does not aggravate the pancreatic insufficiency of these patients.
| S-EPMC1216943 | biostudies-other
Project description:The interaction of secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor with bronchial mucins and glycopeptides was studied by means of c.d. spectroscopy. The interaction with mucins was characterized by an increase in organized structure of alpha-helical type, as evidenced by the appearance in the difference spectra of two positive bands at 208 and 218 nm. This phenomenon was correlated with the amount of inhibitor present in the mixtures, suggesting that the change was inherent to the inhibitor. Surprisingly, when the inhibitor was mixed with acid glycopeptides, difference c.d. spectra showed a decrease in organized structure, characterized by a negative minimum at 196 nm. Glycopeptides treated with neuraminidase gave similar profiles of difference spectra in three different mixtures, indicating that the interaction was smaller. The interaction between the inhibitor and mucins was also studied for its ability to modify in vitro the proteolytic activity of human leucocyte elastase. Mucins alone were degraded by that proteinase into glycopeptides of Mr 400,000-500,000, whereas mucins mixed with inhibitor before adding elastase were proteolysed to a lesser extent. These data demonstrate that the secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor interacts with mucins and consequently is capable of protecting the mucins against proteolysis by elastase.
| S-EPMC1130756 | biostudies-other