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Isolation of the membrane-bound 26 000-Mr penicillin-binding protein of Streptomyces strain K15 in the form of a penicillin-sensitive D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving transpeptidase.

ABSTRACT: The membrane-bound, 26 000-Mr penicillin-binding protein of Streptomyces K15 has been isolated in the form of an effective, penicillin-sensitive D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving peptidase exhibiting high transpeptidase activity (greater than 95%) and very low carboxy-peptidase activity (less than 5%). The penicillin-binding protein/transpeptidase can be extracted directly from the mycelium with N-cetyl-NNN-trimethylammonium bromide (Cetavlon) and subsequently obtained at 90% purity and with an 8000-fold specific enrichment (when compared with the activity of the isolated membranes) by a two-step procedure involving Sephadex filtration and affinity chromatography on ampicillin-linked CH Sepharose 4B in the presence of detergent. At saturating concentrations of the co-substrates diacetyl-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala and Gly-Gly, the catalytic-centre activity is about 0.3 s-1.

SUBMITTER: Nguyen-Disteche M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1153830 | biostudies-other | 1982 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Secretion by overexpression and purification of the water-soluble Streptomyces K15 DD-transpeptidase/penicillin-binding protein.

Project description:Though synthesized with a cleavable signal peptide and devoid of membrane anchors, the 262-amino-acid-residue Streptomyces K15 DD-transpeptidase/penicillin-binding protein is membrane-bound. Overexpression in Streptomyces lividans resulted in the export of an appreciable amount of the synthesized protein (4 mg/litre of culture supernatant). The water-soluble enzyme was purified close to protein homogeneity with a yield of 75%. It requires the presence of 0.5 M-NaCl to remain soluble. It is indistinguishable from the detergent-extract wild-type enzyme with respect to molecular mass, thermostability, transpeptidase activity and penicillin-binding capacity.

| S-EPMC1132083 | biostudies-other

Active-site-directed inactivators of the Zn2+-containing D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving carboxypeptidase of Streptomyces albus G.

Project description:Several types of active-site-directed inactivators (inhibitors) of the Zn2+-containing D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving carboxypeptidase were tested. (i) Among the heavy-atom-containing compounds examined, K2Pt(C2O4)2 inactivates the enzyme with a second-order rate constant of about 6 X 10(-2)M-1 X S-1 and has only one binding site located close to the Zn2+ cofactor within the enzyme active site. (ii) Several compounds possessing both a C-terminal carboxylate function and, at the other end of the molecule, a thiol, hydroxamate or carboxylate function were also examined. 3-Mercaptopropionate (racemic) and 3-mercaptoisobutyrate (L-isomer) inhibit the enzyme competitively with a Ki value of 5 X 10 X 10(-9)M. (iii) Classical beta-lactam compounds have a very weak inhibitory potency. Depending on the structure of the compounds, enzyme inhibition may be competitive (and binding occurs to the active site) or non-competitive (and binding causes disruption of the protein crystal lattice). (iv) 6-beta-Iodopenicillanate inactivates the enzyme in a complex way. At high beta-lactam concentrations, the pseudo-first-order rate constant of enzyme inactivation has a limit value of 7 X 10(-4)S-1 X 6-beta-Iodopenicillanate binds to the active site just in front of the Zn2+ cofactor and superimposes histidine-190, suggesting that permanent enzyme inactivation is by reaction with this latter residue.

| S-EPMC1153542 | biostudies-other

Amino acid sequence of the penicillin-binding protein/DD-peptidase of Streptomyces K15. Predicted secondary structures of the low Mr penicillin-binding proteins of class A.

Project description:The low-Mr penicillin-binding protein (PBP)/DD-transpeptidase of Streptomyces K15 is synthesized in the form of a 291-amino acid-residue precursor possessing a cleavable 29-amino acid-residue signal peptide. Sequence-similarity searches and hydrophobic-cluster analysis show that the Streptomyces K15 enzyme, the Escherichia coli PBPs/DD-carboxy-peptidases 5 and 6, the Bacillus subtilis PBP/DD-carboxypeptidase 5 and the spoIIA product (a putative PBP involved in the sporulation of B. subtilis) are structurally related and form a distinct class A of low-Mr PBPs/DD-peptidases. The distribution of the hydrophobic clusters along the amino acid sequences also shows that the Streptomyces K15 PBP, and by extension the other PBPs of class A, have similarity in the polypeptide folding, with the beta-lactamases of class A, with as reference the Streptomyces albus G and Staphylococcus aureus beta-lactamases of known three-dimensional structure. This comparison allows one to predict most of the secondary structures in the PBPs and the amino acid motifs that define the enzyme active sites.

| S-EPMC1151569 | biostudies-other

Active-site-serine D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving-peptidase-catalysed acyl-transfer reactions. Procedures for studying the penicillin-binding proteins of bacterial plasma membranes.

Project description:Under certain conditions, the values of the parameters that govern the interactions between the active-site-serine D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving peptidases and both carbonyl-donor substrates and beta-lactam suicide substrates can be determined on the basis of the amounts of (serine ester-linked) acyl-protein formed during the reactions. Expressing the 'affinity' of a beta-lactam compound for a DD-peptidase in terms of second-order rate constant of enzyme acylation and first-order rate constant of acyl-enzyme breakdown rests upon specific features of the interaction (at a given temperature) and permits study of structure-activity relationships, analysis of the mechanism of intrinsic resistance and use of a 'specificity index' to define the capacity of a beta-lactam compound of discriminating between various sensitive enzymes. From knowledge of the first-order rate constant of acyl-enzyme breakdown and the given time of incubation, the beta-lactam compound concentrations that are necessary to achieve given extents of DD-peptidase inactivation can be converted into the second-order rate constant of enzyme acylation. The principles thus developed can be applied to the study of the multiple penicillin-binding proteins that occur in the plasma membranes of bacteria.

| S-EPMC1146663 | biostudies-other

The Streptomyces K15 DD-peptidase/penicillin-binding protein. Active site and sequence of the N-terminal region.

Project description:The N-terminal region of the Streptomyces K15 DD-peptidase/penicillin-binding protein shows high homology with that of other penicillin-interactive proteins or domains. The active-site serine residue of the conserved tetrad Ser-Xaa-Xaa-Lys occurs at position 35. There is no indication for the presence of a signal peptide or an N-terminal hydrophobic sequence, suggesting that the Streptomyces K15 enzyme is probably anchored to the membrane by a C-terminal peptide segment.

| S-EPMC1138712 | biostudies-other

Fluorescence and circular dichroism studies on the Streptomyces R61 DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase. Penicillin binding by the enzyme.

Project description:The circular dichroism of the dd-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 shows in the near u.v. a set of weak extrema at 289nm (positive) and at 282, 275 and 268nm (all negative). In the far u.v. it shows negative extrema at 217-218 and 208nm, crossover at 202nm and a positive maximum at about 194nm. The u.v. absorption of the enzyme shows it to contain tyrosine and tryptophan in approx. 3.4:1 ratio. The enzyme is fluorescent with a maximum emission at 318-320nm. The near-u.v. circular dichroism of the protein is extensively affected by binding of penicillin G, but the far u.v. is unaffected. Binding of the antibiotic also causes quenching of the fluorescence of the enzyme. The latter effect has been used to study the binding of penicillin G to the enzyme and the influence exerted upon it by salts, denaturants and peptide substrates and inhibitors. High-affinity binding of penicillin appears to be comparatively slow and reversible, and can occur under conditions in which the protein is enzymically inactive. The thermal denaturation of the enzyme in guanidinium chloride at pH7 is affected by binding of the antibiotic. The presence of even large concentrations of beta-mercaptoethanol neither impaired the activity of the enzyme nor prevented its inhibition by penicillin G or cephalosporin C. A new hypothesis for the molecular mechanism of the interaction of the enzyme with penicillin is proposed.

| S-EPMC1165851 | biostudies-other

Streptomyces K15 active-site serine DD-transpeptidase: specificity profile for peptide, thiol ester and ester carbonyl donors and pathways of the transfer reactions.

Project description:The Streptomyces K15 transferase is a penicillin-binding protein presumed to be involved in bacterial wall peptidoglycan crosslinking. It catalyses cleavage of the peptide, thiol ester or ester bond of carbonyl donors Z-R1-CONH-CHR2-COX-CHR3-COO- (where X is NH, S or O) and transfers the electrophilic group Z-R1-CONH-CHR2-CO to amino acceptors via an acyl-enzyme intermediate. Kinetic data suggest that the amino acceptor behaves as a simple alternative nucleophile at the level of the acyl-enzyme in the case of thiol ester and ester donors, and that it binds to the enzyme.carbonyl donor Michaelis complex and influences the rate of enzyme acylation by the carbonyl donor in the case of amide donors. Depending on the nature of the scissile bond, the enzyme has different requirements for substituents at positions R1, R2 and R3.

| S-EPMC1136653 | biostudies-other

Characterization of SCO4439, a D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase involved in spore cell wall maturation, resistance, and germination in Streptomyces coelicolor.

Project description:This work contributes to the understanding of cell wall modifications during sporulation and germination in Streptomyces by assessing the biological function and biochemical properties of SCO4439, a D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase (DD-CPase) constitutively expressed during development. SCO4439 harbors a DD-CPase domain and a putative transcriptional regulator domain, separated by a putative transmembrane region. The recombinant protein shows that DD-CPase activity is inhibited by penicillin G. The spores of the SCO4439::Tn5062 mutant are affected in their resistance to heat and acid and showed a dramatic increase in swelling during germination. The mycelium of the SCO4439::Tn5062 mutant is more sensitive to glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin and teicoplanin). The DD-CPase domain and the hydrophobic transmembrane region are highly conserved in Streptomyces, and both are essential for complementing the wild type phenotypes in the mutant. A model for the biological mechanism behind the observed phenotypes is proposed, in which SCO4439 DD-CPase releases D-Ala from peptidoglycan (PG) precursors, thereby reducing the substrate pool for PG crosslinking (transpeptidation). PG crosslinking regulates spore physical resistance and germination, and modulates mycelium resistance to glycopeptides. This study is the first demonstration of the role of a DD-CPase in the maturation of the spore cell wall.

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Delta 2- and delta 3-cephalosporins, penicillinate and 6-unsubstituted penems. Intrinsic reactivity and interaction with beta-lactamases and D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving serine peptidases.

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| S-EPMC1158213 | biostudies-other

D-alanyl-D-alanine-Modified Gold Nanoparticles Form a Broad-Spectrum Sensor for Bacteria.

Project description:Rationale: Rapid and facile detection of pathogenic bacteria is challenging due to the requirement of large-scale instruments and equipment in conventional methods. We utilize D-amino acid as molecules to selectively target bacteria because bacteria can incorporate DADA in its cell wall while mammalian cells or fungi cannot. Methods: We show a broad-spectrum bacterial detection system based on D-amino acid-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). AuNPs serve as the signal output that we can monitor without relying on any complex instruments. Results: In the presence of bacteria, the AuNPs aggregate and the color of AuNPs changes from red to blue. This convenient color change can distinguish between Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This system can be applied for detection of ascites samples from patients. Conclusion: These D-amino acid-modified AuNPs serve as a promising platform for rapid visual identification of pathogens in the clinic.

| S-EPMC5835949 | biostudies-literature

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