Synthesis of cytoplasmic membrane during growth and division of Escherichia coli. Dispersive behaviour of respiratory nitrate reductase.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Cadenas E
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1161672 | biostudies-other | 1979 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Stoicheometries and rates of proton translocation associated with respiratory reduction of NO3- have been measured for spheroplasts of Escherichia coli grown anaerobically in the presence of NO3-. Observed stoicheiometries [leads to H+/NO3- ratio; P. Mitchell (1966) Chemiosmotic Coupling in Oxidative and Photosynthetic Phosphorylation, Glynn Research, Bodmin] were approx. 4 for L-malate oxidation and approx. 2 for succinate, D-lactate and glycerol oxidation. Measurements of the leads to H+/2e- ratio with formate as the reductant and oxygen or NO3- as the oxidant were complicated by pH changes associated with formate uptake and CO2 formation. Nevertheless, it was possible to conclude that the site of formate oxidation is on the inner aspect of the cytoplasmic membrane, that the leads to H+/O ratio for formate oxidation is approx. 4, and that the leads to H+/NO3- ratio is greater than 2. Measurements of the rate of NO3- penetration into osmotically sensitive spheroplasts demonstrated an electrogenic entry of NO3- anion. The permeability coefficient for nitrate entry at 30 degrees C was between 10(-9) and 10(-10) cm- s(-1). The calculated rate of nitrate entry at the concentration typically used for the assay of nitrate reductase (EC 1.7.99.4) activity was about 0.1% of that required to support the observed rate of nitrate reduction by reduced Benzyl Viologen. Measurements of the distribution of nitrate between the intracellular and extracellular spaces of a haem-less mutant, de-repressed for nitrate reductase but unable to reduce nitrate by the respiratory chain, showed that, irrespective of the presence or the absence of added glucose, nitrate was not concentrated intracellularly. Osmotic-swelling experiments showed that the rate of diffusion of azid anion across the cytoplasmic membrane is relatively low in comparison with the fast diffusion of hydrazoic acid. The inhibitory effect of azide on nitrate reductase was not altered by treatments that modify pH gradients across the cytoplasmic membrane. It is concluded that the nitrate-reducing azide-sensitive site of nitrate reductase is located on the outer aspect of the cytoplasmic membrane. The consequences of this location for mechanisms of proton translocation driven by nitrate reduction are discussed, and lead to the proposal that the nitrate reductase of the cytoplasmic membrane is vectorial, reducing nitrate on the outer aspect of the membrane with 2H+ and 2e- that have crossed from the inner aspect of the membrane.
| S-EPMC1172508 | biostudies-other
Project description:Cellular respiration is a fundamental process undergone within energy-transducing membranes through the redox activity of multimeric protein assemblies, so-called respiratory complexes. In most cases, electron transport is ensured by lipophilic molecules, quinones, serving as electron shuttles. This redox activity is coupled to the net translocation of protons across the membrane thereby establishing an electrochemical gradient, the protonmotive force (pmf). Such a gradient powers the transport of molecules (such as proteins, ions or antibiotics) and ATP synthesis but was also shown to participate in protein localization in prokaryotes. Importantly, energy-transducing membranes show a high level of organization with heterogeneous distribution of respiratory complexes as observed across several bacterial lineages. Although electron transport in energy-transducing membranes is considered to be a kinetic process coupled to the diffusion of all reactants and in particular quinones, it is not clear to which extent subcellular distribution of respiratory complexes can have an influence on the overall kinetics. We previously evidenced polar clustering of nitrate reductase, NarGHI, an anaerobic respiratory complex in the gut bacterium Escherichia coli. Such spatial organization was shown to directly impact the electron flux of the associated respiratory chain. While dynamic localization of such complex plays an important role in controlling respiration, the mechanism by which it impacts the electron flux is not understood. Yet, under such conditions where nitrate is the sole terminal electron acceptor, functioning of the electron transport chain in enteric bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium is associated with the production of nitric oxide (NO) mainly resulting from the reduction of nitrite by nitrate reductase. As a consequence, both E. coli and S. typhimurium produce a multitude of enzymes controlling NO homeostasis, the primary source of nitrosative stress. Protein S-nitrosylation is a ubiquitous NO-dependent post-translational modification of cysteine that regulates protein structure and function. Recently, Seth et al demonstrated that, in absence of oxygen, NO oxidation is mainly catalyzed by the hybrid cluster protein Hcp allowing its further reaction with thiols of a broad spectrum of proteins. Among Hcp-dependent S-nitrosylated targets are the nitrate reductase complex, multiple metabolic enzymes and the transcription factor OxyR whose S-nitrosylation entails a distinct nitrosative stress regulon. Optimizing electron transport through clustering of nitrate reductase will lead to nitrite accumulation which may in turn be responsible for NO production. Here, the electron-donating respiratory complex, the formate dehydrogenase, FdnGHI was shown to cluster at the poles under nitrate respiring conditions. Its proximity with the nitrate reductase complex was confirmed by evaluating the interactome of the later under distinct metabolic conditions reported to impact its subcellular organization. All the identified partners were exclusively found when cells were grown under nitrate respiration. The proximity of two respiratory complexes provides mechanistic explanation on the importance of subcellular organization onto quinone pool turnover. Noteworthy is the identification of several components playing key roles in the protection against endogenous nitrosative stress.
2019-10-07 | PXD012320 | Pride
Project description:We test the hypothesis that pyranopterin (PPT) coordination plays a critical role in defining molybdenum active site redox chemistry and reactivity in the mononuclear molybdoenzymes. The molybdenum atom of Escherichia coli nitrate reductase A (NarGHI) is coordinated by two PPT-dithiolene chelates that are defined as proximal and distal based on their proximity to a [4Fe-4S] cluster known as FS0. We examined variants of two sets of residues involved in PPT coordination: (i) those interacting directly or indirectly with the pyran oxygen of the bicyclic distal PPT (NarG-Ser(719), NarG-His(1163), and NarG-His(1184)); and (ii) those involved in bridging the two PPTs and stabilizing the oxidation state of the proximal PPT (NarG-His(1092) and NarG-His(1098)). A S719A variant has essentially no effect on the overall Mo(VI/IV) reduction potential, whereas the H1163A and H1184A variants elicit large effects (?Em values of -88 and -36 mV, respectively). Ala variants of His(1092) and His(1098) also elicit large ?Em values of -143 and -101 mV, respectively. An Arg variant of His(1092) elicits a small ?Em of +18 mV on the Mo(VI/IV) reduction potential. There is a linear correlation between the molybdenum Em value and both enzyme activity and the ability to support anaerobic respiratory growth on nitrate. These data support a non-innocent role for the PPT moieties in controlling active site metal redox chemistry and catalysis.
| S-EPMC4599019 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Low concentrations (1-50mum) of ubiquinol(1) were rapidly oxidized by spheroplasts of Escherichia coli derepressed for synthesis of nitrate reductase using either nitrate or oxygen as electron acceptor. Oxidation of ubiquinol(1) drove an outward translocation of protons with a corrected -->H(+)/2e(-) stoichiometry [Scholes & Mitchell (1970) J. Bioenerg.1, 309-323] of 1.49 when nitrate was the acceptor and 2.28 when oxygen was the acceptor. Proton translocation driven by the oxidation of added ubiquinol(1) was also observed in spheroplasts from a double quinone-deficient mutant strain AN384 (ubiA(-)menA(-)), whereas a haem-deficient mutant, strain A1004a, did not oxidize ubiquinol(1). Proton translocation was not observed if either the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone or the respiratory inhibitor 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide was present. When spheroplasts oxidized Diquat radical (DQ(+)) to the oxidized species (DQ(++)) with nitrate as acceptor, nitrate was reduced to nitrite according to the reaction: [Formula: see text] and nitrite was further reduced in the reaction: [Formula: see text] Nitrite reductase activity (2) was inhibited by CO, leaving nitrate reductase activity (1) unaffected. Benzyl Viologen radical (BV(+)) is able to cross the cytoplasmic membrane and is oxidized directly by nitrate reductase to the divalent cation, BV(++). In the presence of CO, this reaction consumes two protons: [Formula: see text] The consumption of these protons could not be detected by a pH electrode in the extra-cellular bulk phase of a suspension of spheroplasts unless the cytoplasmic membrane was made permeable to protons by the addition of nigericin or tetrachlorosalicylanilide. It is concluded that the protons of eqn. (3) are consumed at the cytoplasmic aspect of the cytoplasmic membrane. Diquat radical, reduced N-methylphenazonium methosulphate and its sulphonated analogue N-methylphenazonium-3-sulphonate (PMSH) and ubiquinol(1) are all oxidized by nitrate reductase via a haem-dependent, endogenous quinone-independent, 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide-sensitive pathway. Approximate-->H(+)/2e(-) stoichiometries were zero with Diquat radical, an electron donor, 1.0 with reduced N-methylphenazonium methosulphate or its sulphonated analogue, both hydride donors, and 2.0 with ubiquinol(1) (QH(2)), a hydrogen donor. It is concluded that the protons appearing in the medium are derived from the reductant and the observed-->H(+)/2e(-) stoichiometries are accounted for by the following reactions occurring at the periplasmic aspect of the cytoplasmic membrane.: [Formula: see text]
| S-EPMC1162066 | biostudies-other
Project description:Indole is a bacterial signalling molecule that blocks E. coli cell division at concentrations of 3-5 mM. We have shown that indole is a proton ionophore and that this activity is key to the inhibition of division. By reducing the electrochemical potential across the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli, indole deactivates MinCD oscillation and prevents formation of the FtsZ ring that is a prerequisite for division. This is the first example of a natural ionophore regulating a key biological process. Our findings have implications for our understanding of membrane biology, bacterial cell cycle control and potentially for the design of antibiotics that target the cell membrane.
| S-EPMC3793866 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Periplasmic nitrate reductase (NapABC enzyme) has been characterized from a variety of proteobacteria, especially Paracoccus pantotrophus. Whole-genome sequencing of Escherichia coli revealed the structural genes napFDAGHBC, which encode NapABC enzyme and associated electron transfer components. E. coli also expresses two membrane-bound proton-translocating nitrate reductases, encoded by the narGHJI and narZYWV operons. We measured reduced viologen-dependent nitrate reductase activity in a series of strains with combinations of nar and nap null alleles. The napF operon-encoded nitrate reductase activity was not sensitive to azide, as shown previously for the P. pantotrophus NapA enzyme. A strain carrying null alleles of narG and narZ grew exponentially on glycerol with nitrate as the respiratory oxidant (anaerobic respiration), whereas a strain also carrying a null allele of napA did not. By contrast, the presence of napA+ had no influence on the more rapid growth of narG+ strains. These results indicate that periplasmic nitrate reductase, like fumarate reductase, can function in anaerobic respiration but does not constitute a site for generating proton motive force. The time course of phi(napF-lacZ) expression during growth in batch culture displayed a complex pattern in response to the dynamic nitrate/nitrite ratio. Our results are consistent with the observation that phi(napF-lacZ) is expressed preferentially at relatively low nitrate concentrations in continuous cultures (H. Wang, C.-P. Tseng, and R. P. Gunsalus, J. Bacteriol. 181:5303-5308, 1999). This finding and other considerations support the hypothesis that NapABC enzyme may function in E. coli when low nitrate concentrations limit the bioenergetic efficiency of nitrate respiration via NarGHI enzyme.
| S-EPMC134854 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The membrane subunit (NarI) of Escherichia coli nitrate reductase A (NarGHI) contains two b-type hemes, both of which are the highly anisotropic low-spin type. Heme bD is distal to NarGH and constitutes part of the quinone binding and oxidation site (Q-site) through the axially coordinating histidine-66 residue and one of the heme bD propionate groups. Bound quinone participates in hydrogen bonds with both the imidazole of His66 and the heme propionate, rendering the EPR spectrum of the heme bD sensitive to Q-site occupancy. As such, we hypothesize that the heterogeneity in the heme bD EPR signal arises from the differential occupancy of the Q-site. In agreement with this, the heterogeneity is dependent upon growth conditions but is still apparent when NarGHI is expressed in a strain lacking cardiolipin. Furthermore, this heterogeneity is sensitive to Q-site variants, NarI-G65A and NarI-K86A, and is collapsible by the binding of inhibitors. We found that the two main gz components of heme bD exhibit differences in reduction potential and pH dependence, which we posit is due to differential Q-site occupancy. Specifically, in a quinone-bound state, heme bD exhibits an Em,8 of -35 mV and a pH dependence of -40 mV pH(-1). In the quinone-free state, however, heme bD titrates with an Em,8 of +25 mV and a pH dependence of -59 mV pH(-1). We hypothesize that quinone binding modulates the electrochemical properties of heme bD as well as its EPR properties.
| S-EPMC4059744 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A broad range of anions was shown to stimulate the maximal velocity of purified fumarate reductase isolated from the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli, while leaving the Km for fumarate unaffected. Reducing agents potentiate the effects of anions on the activity, but have no effect by themselves. Thermal stability, conformation as monitored by circular dichroism and susceptibility to the thiol reagent 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) are also altered by anions. The apparent Km for succinate in the reverse reaction (succinate dehydrogenase activity) varies as a function of anion concentration, but the maximal velocity is not affected. The membrane-bound activity is not stimulated by anions and its properties closely resemble those of the purified enzyme in the presence of anions. Thus it appears that anions alter the physical and chemical properties of fumarate reductase, so that it more closely resembles the membrane-bound form.
| S-EPMC1163400 | biostudies-other
Project description:Protein mobility affects most cellular processes, such as the rates of enzymatic reactions, signal transduction, and assembly of macromolecular complexes. Despite such importance, little systematic information is available about protein diffusion inside bacterial cells. Here we combined fluorescence recovery after photobleaching with numerical modeling to analyze mobility of a set of fluorescent protein fusions in the bacterial cytoplasm, the plasma membrane, and in the nucleoid. Estimated diffusion coefficients of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins show steep dependence on the size and on the number of transmembrane helices, respectively. Protein diffusion in both compartments is thus apparently obstructed by a network of obstacles, creating the so-called molecular sieving effect. These obstructing networks themselves, however, appear to be dynamic and allow a slow and nearly size-independent movement of large proteins and complexes. The obtained dependencies of protein mobility on the molecular mass and the number of transmembrane helices can be used as a reference to predict diffusion rates of proteins in Escherichia coli. Mobility of DNA-binding proteins apparently mainly depends on their binding specificity, with FRAP recovery kinetics being slower for the highly specific TetR repressor than for the relatively nonspecific H-NS regulator.
| S-EPMC2820653 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Nitrate reductase was purified from anaerobically grown Escherichia coli K12 by a method based on the Triton X-100 extraction procedure of Clegg[(1976) Biochem. J.153, 533-541], but hydrophobic interaction chromatography was used in the final stage. E.p.r. spectra obtained from the enzyme under a variety of conditions are well resolved and were interpreted with the help of the computer-simulation procedures of Lowe [(1978) Biochem. J.171, 649-651]. Parameters for five molybdenum(V) species from the enzyme are given. The low-pH species (g(av.) 1.9827) is in pH-dependent equilibrium with the high-pH species (g(av.) 1.9762), the pK for interconversion of the species being 8.26. Of a variety of anions tested, only nitrate and nitrite formed complexes with the enzyme (in the low-pH form), giving modified molybdenum(V) e.p.r. spectra. These complexes, as well as the low-pH form of the free enzyme, showed interaction of molybdenum with a single exchangeable proton. The fifth molybdenum(V) species, sometimes detected in small amounts, appears not to be due to functional nitrate reductase. After full reduction of the enzyme with dithionite, addition of nitrate caused reoxidation of molybdenum to the quinquivalent state, in a time less than the enzyme turnover. Activity of the enzyme in the pH range 6-10 is controlled by a pK of 8.2. It is suggested that the low-pH signal-giving species is the form of the enzyme involved in the catalytic cycle. Iron-sulphur and other e.p.r. signals from the enzyme are briefly described and the enzymic reaction mechanism is discussed.
| S-EPMC1184008 | biostudies-other