Restoration of guanine nucleotide- and fluoride-stimulated activity to an adenylate cyclase-deficient cell line with affinity-purified guanine nucleotide regulatory protein.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Nielsen TB
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1162109 | biostudies-other | 1980 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Fluoride ion, presumably an Al3+-F- complex, has been proposed to activate the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (G-protein) of the visual system, transducin, by associating with GDP at the nucleotide-binding site and thus mimicking the effects of non-hydrolysable GTP analogues [Bigay, Deterre, Pfister & Chabre (1985) FEBS Lett. 191, 181-85]. We have examined this proposed model by using the adenylate cyclase complexes of frog erythrocytes, S49 lymphoma cells and human platelets. Preincubation of plasma membranes from frog erythrocytes and S49 cells with 20 mM-fluoride for 20 min at 30 degrees C strongly stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. In contrast, the preactivated membranes were still able to bind beta-adrenergic agonist with high affinity, as determined by radioligand-binding techniques. Moreover, high-affinity agonist binding in fluoride-treated membranes was fully sensitive to guanine nucleotide, which decreased beta-adrenergic-receptor affinity for agonist. Very similar results were obtained for [3H]prostaglandin E1 binding to S49 membranes pretreated with fluoride. Incubation of human platelet membranes with increasing concentrations of fluoride (1-50 mM) resulted in biphasic regulation of adenylate cyclase activity, with inhibition observed at concentrations greater than 10 mM. Preincubation of platelet membranes with 20 mM-fluoride did not affect agonist high-affinity binding to alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, nor receptor regulation by guanine nucleotide. These results suggest that the model developed from the study of transducin may not be generally applicable to the G-proteins of the adenylate cyclase system.
| S-EPMC1135032 | biostudies-other
Project description:In the present study, we demonstrate that AC5 (type V adenylate cyclase) interacts with Ric8a through directly interacting at its N-terminus. Ric8a was shown to be a GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) for several alpha subunits of heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins (Galpha proteins) in vitro. Selective Galpha targets of Ric8a have not yet been revealed in vivo. An interaction between AC5 and Ric8a was verified by pull-down assays, co-immunoprecipitation analyses, and co-localization in the brain. Expression of Ric8a selectively suppressed AC5 activity. Treating cells with pertussis toxin or expressing a dominant negative Galphai mutant abolished the suppressive effect of Ric8a, suggesting that interaction between the N-terminus of AC5 and a GEF (Ric8a) provides a novel pathway to fine-tune AC5 activity via a Galphai-mediated pathway.
| S-EPMC2049038 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to the stimulatory (Ns) and inhibitory (Ni) guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins associated with adenylate cyclase have been developed. Two Mabs (2A3 and 5G12), which are of the IgG2b subclass, recognize the beta-subunits (beta) of Ns, Ni and transducin. Iodinated beta can be immunoprecipitated by either Mab coupled to Affi-Gel 10 and this can be decreased by prior incubation of the Mabs with excess unlabelled beta. The Mabs stabilize the activated state of Ns while decreasing the rate of deactivation of activated Ns in the presence of beta.
| S-EPMC1146815 | biostudies-other
Project description:Stimulation of basal adenylate cyclase activity in membranes of neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is half-maximal and maximal (about 8-fold) at 0.1 and 10 microM respectively. This hormonal effect requires GTP, being maximally effective at 10 microM. However, at the same concentrations that stimulate adenylate cyclase in the presence of GTP, PGE1 inhibited basal adenylate cyclase activity when studied in the absence of GTP, by maximally 60%. A similar dual action of PGE1 was observed with the forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase, although the potency of PGE1 in both stimulating and inhibiting adenylate cyclase was increased and the extent of stimulation and inhibition of the enzyme by PGE1 was decreased by the presence of forskolin. The inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase by PGE1 occurred without apparent lag phase and was reversed by GTP and its analogue guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate at low concentrations. Treatment of neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells or membranes with agents known to eliminate the function of the inhibitory GTP-binding protein were without effect on PGE1-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase. The data suggest that stimulatory hormone agonist, apparently by activating one receptor type, can cause both stimulation and inhibition of adenylate cyclase, and that the final result depends only on the activity state of the stimulatory GTP-binding protein, Gs. Possible mechanisms responsible for the observed adenylate cyclase inhibition by the stimulatory hormone PGE1 are discussed.
| S-EPMC1135034 | biostudies-other
Project description:These studies examined the structural specificity for guanine nucleotide-facilitated hormonal activation and guanine nucleotide stabilization of cardiac adenylate cyclase. 1. The phosphonate analogues of GTP, p[CH(2)]ppG (guanosine 5'-[betagamma-methylene]-triphosphate) and pp[CH(2)]pG (guanosine 5'-[alphabeta-methylene]triphosphate), were the most effective activators of adenylate cyclase. Other nucleotides producing significant activation (P<0.01) were, in decreasing order of activation: ITP, GDP, GMP, GTP, XTP, CTP, p[NH]ppG (guanosine 5'-[betagamma-imido]triphosphate), dGTP and 2'-O-methyl-GTP. Guanosine, cyclic GMP, UTP and ppppG (guanosine tetraphosphate) had no effect, and 7-methyl-GTP caused a decrease in the activity. 2. Preincubation of membranes at 37 degrees C for 15min before assay at 24 degrees C produced an 80% decrease in adenylate cyclase activity, and preincubation with p[CH(2)]ppG and pp[CH(2)]pG protected and resulted in a net increase in activity. Other nucleotides that completely or partially preserved activity in decreasing order of effectiveness were p[NH]ppG, GDP, GTP, dGTP, ITP, ppppG, 2'-O-methyl-GTP, GMP, CTP and XTP. Several compounds had no effect, including guanosine, cyclic GMP and UTP, whereas preincubation with 7-methyl-GTP produced a further decrease (P<0.05) in activity. 3. The concentration-dependence for activation and stabilization by the naturally occurring guanine nucleotides was examined in the absence of a regenerating system and revealed GMP to have no stabilizing effect and to be less potent than either GDP or GTP in activating adenylate cyclase. 4. A significant correlation (r=0.90) was found between the properties of activation and stabilization for the compounds examined. These findings are consistent with there being a single nucleotide site through which both the activation and stabilization of adenylate cyclase are mediated.
| S-EPMC1161640 | biostudies-other
Project description:Corynebacterium glutamicum GlxR suppressor mutant of adenylate cyclase (cyaB) deletion strain
| PRJEB36438 | ENA
Project description:Insulin failed to exert an effect on the basal and glucagon- and guanosine 5'-[beta, gamma-imido]-triphosphate-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities of hepatocyte membranes. In the presence of high GTP (0.1 mM) concentrations, however, insulin was shown to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. This effect was dose-dependent, exhibiting an EC50 (median effective concentration) of 3 microM for GTP. Elevated glucagon concentrations blocked the inhibitory effect of insulin in a dose-dependent fashion, with an EC50 of 1 nM. The insulin inhibition was dose-dependent (EC50 = 90 pM). The inhibitory effects of insulin were abolished using membranes from either glucagon-desensitized hepatocytes or cholera-toxin-treated hepatocytes. If either Mn2+ replaced Mg2+ in adenylate cyclase assays or Na+ was removed from the assay mixtures then insulin failed to exert any inhibitory effect. It is suggested that insulin exerts its action on adenylate cyclase through an inhibitory guanine nucleotide protein. This is integrated with the proposal [Heyworth, Rawal & Houslay (1983) FEBS Lett. 154, 87-91; Heyworth, Wallace & Houslay (1983) Biochem. J. in the press] that insulin mediates a variety of cellular effects through a specific guanine nucleotide regulatory protein and associated protein kinase(s).
| S-EPMC1152279 | biostudies-other
Project description:Methods to rapidly identify serotypes of Salmonella enterica subspecies I are of vital importance for protecting the safety of food. To supplement the serotyping method dkgB-linked intergenic sequence ribotyping (ISR), single-nucleotide polymorphisms were characterized within adenylate cyclase (cyaA). The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database had 378 cyaA sequences from S. enterica subspecies I, which included 42 unique DNA sequences and 19 different amino acid sequences. Five representative isolates, namely serotypes Typhimurium, Kentucky, Enteritidis phage type PT4, and two variants of Enteritidis phage type PT13a, were differentiated within a microsphere-based fluidics system in cyaA by allele-specific primer extension. Validation against 25 poultry-related environmental Salmonella isolates representing 11 serotypes yielded a ∼89% success rate at identifying the serotype of the isolate, and a different region could be targeted to achieve 100%. When coupled with ISR, all serotypes were differentiated. Phage lineages of serotype Enteritidis 13a and 4 were identified, and a biofilm-forming strain of PT13a was differentiated from a smooth phenotype within phage type. Comparative ranking of mutation indices to genes such as the tRNA transferases, the diguanylate cyclases, and genes used for multilocus sequence typing indicated that cyaA is an appropriate gene for assessing epidemiological trends of Salmonella because of its relative stability in nucleotide composition.
| S-EPMC4939371 | biostudies-literature
Project description:: Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with diverse developmental roles, including differentiation of skeletal elements. It is a positive regulatory factor of chondrogenesis and osteogenic differentiation in vitro, but little is known about its in vivo role in bone formation. In our experiments, diaphyses of long bones from hind limbs of PACAP gene-deficient mice showed changes in thickness and increased staining intensity. Our main goal was to perform a detailed morphological and molecular biological analysis of femurs from PACAP knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. Transverse diameter and anterior cortical bone thickness of KO femurs showed significant alterations with disturbed Ca2+ accumulation and collagen type I expression. Higher expression and activity of alkaline phosphatase were also observed, accompanied by increased fragility PACAP KO femurs. Increased expression of the elements of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and hedgehog signalling was also observed, and are possibly responsible for the compensation mechanism accounting for the slight morphological changes. In summary, our results show that lack of PACAP influences molecular and biomechanical properties of bone matrix, activating various signalling cascade changes in a compensatory fashion. The increased fragility of PACAP KO femur further supports the role of endogenous PACAP in in vivo bone formation.
| S-EPMC6163297 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hormonal stimulation of adenylate cyclase from bovine cerebral cortex is mediated by a guanine-nucleotide regulatory protein (Gs). This protein contains at least three polypeptides: a guanine nucleotide-binding alpha s component and a beta X gamma component, which modulates the function of alpha s. The alpha s component from many tissues can be ADP-ribosylated with cholera toxin, but has been unusually difficult to modify in brain. We have improved incorporation of ADP-ribose by including isonicotinic acid hydrazide to inhibit the potent NAD glycohydrolase activity of brain. ADP-ribosylation is further improved by addition of detergent to render the substrates accessible and 20 mM-EDTA to chelate metal ions. Although Mg2+ is absolutely required for activation of adenylate cyclase by the GTP analogue guanosine 5'-[beta gamma-imido]triphosphate (p[NH]ppG), it is not obligatory for p[NH]ppG-stimulated ADP-ribosylation by cholera toxin. Under these conditions, the ADP-ribosylation of brain membranes is not enhanced by a cytosolic protein. We find that there are two major sizes of brain alpha s, which we have named 'alpha sL', with an apparent Mr of 42,000-45,000, and 'alpha sH' with an apparent Mr of 46,000-51,000 depending on the gel-electrophoretic system used. The alpha sL and alpha sH components can incorporate different amounts of ADP-ribose depending on the reaction conditions, so that one or the other may appear to predominate. Thus we show that incomplete ADP-ribosylation by cholera toxin is not a good indication of the relative amounts of alpha s units. Functionally, however, both forms of alpha s appear to be similar. Both forms associate with the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase, but neither of them does so preferentially. There is an excess of each of them over the amount associated with catalytic unit. We have now substantially purified Gs from brain by a modification of the method of Sternweis et al. [(1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 11517-11526] as well as by a new, simplified, procedure. On SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the purified brain Gs contains both the 45 and 51 kDa alpha s polypeptides revealed by ADP-ribosylation and a beta X gamma component. Activation of purified alpha s by guanine nucleotides or fluoride can be reversed by addition of purified beta X gamma component. The activated form of purified brain Gs has an Mr of 49,000 as determined by hydrodynamic measurements, which is consistent with the idea that the active form of brain Gs is the dissociated one.
| S-EPMC1147565 | biostudies-other