Light-dependent cytochrome P-450 changes in mung beans (Phaseolus aureus).
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hendry GA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1163104 | biostudies-other | 1981 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
Similar Datasets
Project description:The amino acid sequence of Phaseolus aureus L. (mung-bean) cytochrome c has been determined. The molecule consists of a single polypeptide chain of 111 amino acid residues and is homologous with other mitochondrial cytochromes c. Comparison with the amino acid sequence of wheat-germ cytochrome c (Stevens, Glazer & Smith, 1967) shows 14 differences. On alignment with mammalian cytochromes c, mung-bean cytochrome c has an N-acetylated ;tail' of eight amino acid residues similar to that found in wheat-germ cytochrome c. Of the 22 positions in wheat-germ cytochrome c that contain amino acid residues unique to these positions, 20 were found to contain the same ones in mung-bean cytochrome c. The in-N-trimethyl-lysine residues reported for wheat-germ cytochrome c (Delange, Glazer & Smith, 1969) in positions 72 and 86 were also found in these positions in mung-bean cytochrome c. The sequence was determined from 3mumol, by using chymotryptic and tryptic peptides which were analysed by the ;dansyl'-Edman method (Gray & Hartley, 1963a), with confirmation by amino acid analysis.
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Project description:The activities of the mung-bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) mitochondrial cyanide-insensitive oxidase and cytochrome pathways have been measured simultaneously. The results show that electrons can be diverted both from the alternative pathway to the cytochrome pathway and from the cytochrome to the alternative pathway. The competition of the two pathways for the available electron flux is discussed.
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Project description:To better understand the regulatory mechanism of phenolics and ascorbic acid accumulation as well as antioxidant activities in mung beans during legume development, the gene expression profiles of 25 key-coding genes in ascorbic acid and phenolics metabolic pathways were analyzed. As well as the dynamitic changes of ascorbic acid, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities with legume development were studied. The results indicated that gene expression profiles were closely related to the ascorbic acid and phenolics accumulation regularity during legume development. VrVTC2 and VrGME played important roles for ascorbic acid accumulation from 8 to 17 days after flowering (DAF). VrPAL and VrCHS exhibited positive correlations with daidzein and glycitin accumulation, and VrIFS had a strong positive correlation with glycitin biosynthesis. Antioxidant activities dramatically increased during mung bean maturing, which were significantly related to ascorbic acid and phenolics accumulation. Eight days after flowering was the essential stage for ascorbic acid and phenolics biosynthesis in mung beans.
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Project description:Detailed studies of microsomal cytochromes from mung-bean radicles showed the presence of cytochrome P-420, particularly in dark-grown seedlings, accompanied by smaller quantities of cytochrome P-450. Similar proportions of cytochrome P-420 to cytochrome P-450 were found spectrophotometrically in vivo with whole radicles and hypocotyls. Assayed in vitro, maximum concentrations of both cytochromes were attained after 4 days of growth, before undergoing rapid degradation. Illumination of seedlings stabilized cytochrome P-450 and decreased the amount of cytochrome P-420. Three b cytochromes were present in the microsomal fraction, namely cytochromes b-562.5 (Em + 105 +/- 23 mV), b-560.5 (Em + 49 +/- 13 mV) and b5 (Em - 45 +/- 14 mV), all at pH 7.0. Of the b cytochromes, cytochrome b5 alone undergoes a rapid degradation after day 4, Changes in cytochrome b concentrations were confined to the microsomal fraction: mitochondrial b cytochrome concentrations were unaltered with age. Protohaem degradation (of exogenous methaemalbumin) was detected in microsomal fractions of mung beans. The rates of degradation were highest in extracts of young tissue and declined after day 4. The degradation mechanism and products did not resemble those of mammalian haem oxygenase.
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Project description:Mung-bean (Phaseolus aureus) nuclease has been found to cleave the Sp diastereoisomer of 5'-O-thymidyl 3'-O-(2'-deoxyadenosyl)phosphorothioate, (Sp)-d[Ap(S)T], in 18O-labelled water with inversion of configuration at phosphorus to give (Sp)-thymidine 5'-[16O, 18O]phosphorothioate, the stereochemistry of which was deduced by methylation to (Rp,Sp)-thymidine 5'-S-methyl-O-methyl-[16O,18O]phosphorothioate and 31P-n.m.r. analysis. This result is consistent with a mechanism involving a direct 'in-line' attack of water on DNA for the nuclease-catalysed reaction without the involvement of a covalent nucleotidylated-enzyme intermediate.
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Project description:Rhizobia are soil bacteria that induce nodule formation on leguminous plants. In the nodules, they reduce dinitrogen to ammonium that can be utilized by plants. Besides nitrogen fixation, rhizobia have other symbiotic functions in plants including phosphorus and iron mobilization and protection of the plants against various abiotic stresses including salinity. Worldwide, about 20% of cultivable and 33% of irrigation land is saline, and it is estimated that around 50% of the arable land will be saline by 2050. Salinity inhibits plant growth and development, results in senescence, and ultimately plant death. The purpose of this study was to investigate how rhizobia, isolated from Kenyan soils, relieve common beans from salinity stress. The yield loss of common bean plants, which were either not inoculated or inoculated with the commercial R. tropici rhizobia CIAT899 was reduced by 73% when the plants were exposed to 300 mM NaCl, while only 60% yield loss was observed after inoculation with a novel indigenous isolate from Kenyan soil, named S3. Expression profiles showed that genes involved in the transport of mineral ions (such as K+, Ca2+, Fe3+, PO43-, and NO3-) to the host plant, and for the synthesis and transport of osmotolerance molecules (soluble carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides) are highly expressed in S3 bacteroids during salt stress than in the controls. Furthermore, genes for the synthesis and transport of glutathione and γ-aminobutyric acid were upregulated in salt-stressed and S3-inocculated common bean plants. We conclude that microbial osmolytes, mineral ions, and antioxidant molecules from rhizobia enhance salt tolerance in common beans.
2022-10-31 | GSE216374 | GEO
Project description:Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the most significant outcomes in the literature regarding the origin of Phaseolus genus, the geographical distribution of the wild species, the domestication process, and the wide spread out of the centers of origin. Phaseolus can be considered as a unique model for the study of crop evolution, and in particular, for an understanding of the convergent phenotypic evolution that occurred under domestication. The almost unique situation that characterizes the Phaseolus genus is that five of its ?70 species have been domesticated (i.e., Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. dumosus, P. acutifolius, and P. lunatus), and in addition, for P. vulgaris and P. lunatus, the wild forms are distributed in both Mesoamerica and South America, where at least two independent and isolated episodes of domestication occurred. Thus, at least seven independent domestication events occurred, which provides the possibility to unravel the genetic basis of the domestication process not only among species of the same genus, but also between gene pools within the same species. Along with this, other interesting features makes Phaseolus crops very useful in the study of evolution, including: (i) their recent divergence, and the high level of collinearity and synteny among their genomes; (ii) their different breeding systems and life history traits, from annual and autogamous, to perennial and allogamous; and (iii) their adaptation to different environments, not only in their centers of origin, but also out of the Americas, following their introduction and wide spread through different countries. In particular for P. vulgaris this resulted in the breaking of the spatial isolation of the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools, which allowed spontaneous hybridization, thus increasing of the possibility of novel genotypes and phenotypes. This knowledge that is associated to the genetic resources that have been conserved ex situ and in situ represents a crucial tool in the hands of researchers, to preserve and evaluate this diversity, and at the same time, to identify the genetic basis of adaptation and to develop new improved varieties to tackle the challenges of climate change, and food security and sustainability.
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Project description:Wild accessions of crops and landraces are valuable genetic resources for plant breeding and for conserving alleles and gene combinations in planta. The primary genepool of cultivated common beans includes wild accessions of Phaseolus vulgaris. These are of the same species as the domesticates and therefore are easily crossable with cultivated accessions. Molecular marker assessment of wild beans and landraces is important for the proper utilization and conservation of these important genetic resources. The goal of this research was to evaluate a collection of wild beans with fluorescent microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers and to determine the population structure in combination with cultivated beans of all known races. Marker diversity in terms of average number of alleles per marker was high (13) for the combination of 36 markers and 104 wild genotypes that was similar to the average of 14 alleles per marker found for the 606 cultivated genotypes. Diversity in wild beans appears to be somewhat higher than in cultivated beans on a per genotype basis. Five populations or genepools were identified in structure analysis of the wild beans corresponding to segments of the geographical range, including Mesoamerican (Mexican), Guatemalan, Colombian, Ecuadorian-northern Peruvian and Andean (Argentina, Bolivia and Southern Peru). The combined analysis of wild and cultivated accessions showed that the first and last of these genepools were related to the cultivated genepools of the same names and the penultimate was found to be distinct but not ancestral to the others. The Guatemalan genepool was very novel and perhaps related to cultivars of race Guatemala, while the Colombian population was also distinct. Results suggest geographic isolation, founder effects or natural selection could have created the different semi-discrete populations of wild beans and that multiple domestications and introgression were involved in creating the diversity of cultivated beans.
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Project description:The presence of a very active cytochrome P-450-dependent drug-metabolizing system in the olfactory epithelium has been confirmed by using 7-ethoxycoumarin, 7-ethoxyresorufin, hexobarbitone and aniline as substrates, and the reasons for the marked activity of the cytochrome P-450 in this tissue have been investigated. The spectral interaction of hexobarbitone and aniline with hepatic and olfactory microsomes has been examined. By this criterion there was no evidence for marked differences in the spin state of the cytochromes of the two tissues, or for the olfactory epithelium containing a greater amount of cytochrome capable of binding hexobarbitone, a very actively metabolized substrate. Rates of NADPH and NADH: cytochrome c reductase activity were found to be higher in the olfactory epithelium than in the liver, and direct evidence was obtained for a greater amount of the NADPH-dependent flavoprotein in the olfactory microsomes. Investigation of male rats and male and female mice, as well as male hamsters, demonstrated that, in all cases, the cytochrome P-450 levels of the olfactory epithelium were lower than those of the liver, while the 7-ethoxycoumarin de-ethylase and NADPH:cytochrome c reductase activities were higher. A correlation was found between 7-ethoxycoumarin de-ethylase and NADPH:cytochrome c reductase activities for both tissues in all species examined. The ratio of reductase to cytochrome P-450 was found to be considerably higher in the olfactory epithelium (1:2-1:3) than in the liver (1:11-1:15), regardless of the species examined, suggesting that facilitated electron flow may contribute significantly to the cytochrome P-450 catalytic turnover in the olfactory tissue.
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