The effect of limited proteolysis on rabbit muscle creatine kinase.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Price NC
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1163356 | biostudies-other | 1981 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:By using sodium dodecyl sulphage/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it was shown that rabbit muscle creatine kinase, both in a homogenate and purified, appears to be composed of a mixture of two peptides (mol.wts. 42100 and 40300) differing in length by about 15 amino acids. It is found that low concentrations of proteinase K from the fungus Tritirachium album can cleave about 38 amino acids from each chain of creatine kinase, leaving two large fragments (mol.wts 37700 and 35500). Scission of the whole enzyme was found to be concomitant with complete loss of enzyme activity. MgADP in the presence of absence of creatine slowed the rate of proteolysis by about 50%, but the transition-state analogue complex creatine-NO3--MgADP appeared to protect completely. The time course for the proteolytic inactivation in the presence of this complex, but not in its absence, was biphasic.
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Project description:Creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the formation of phosphocreatine from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine. The highly reactive free cysteine residue in the active site of the enzyme (Cys283) is considered essential for the enzymatic activity. In previous studies we demonstrated that Cys283 is targeted by the alkylating chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM) yielding a thioether with a hydroxyethylthioethyl (HETE)-moiety. In the present study, the effect of SM on rabbit muscle CK (rmCK) activity was investigated with special focus on the alkylation of Cys283 and of reactive methionine (Met) residues. For investigation of SM-alkylated amino acids in rmCK, micro liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization high-resolution tandem-mass spectrometry measurements were performed using the Orbitrap technology. The treatment of rmCK with SM resulted in a decrease of enzyme activity. However, this decrease did only weakly correlate to the modification of Cys283 but was conclusive for the formation of Met70-HETE and Met179-HETE. In contrast, the activity of mutants of rmCK produced by side-directed mutagenesis that contained substitutions of the respective Met residues (Met70Ala, Met179Leu, and Met70Ala/Met179Leu) was highly resistant against SM. Our results point to a critical role of the surface exposed Met70 and Met179 residues for CK activity.
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Project description:The reaction of rabbit muscle creatine kinase with diethyl pyrocarbonate was studied. It was found that up to five of the sixteen histidine groups per enzyme subunit could be modified, and under the conditions employed, there was no evidence for formation of the disubstituted derivative of histidine. Evidence was obtained for small but significant amounts of modification of lysine and cysteine groups; tyrosine groups were not modified. Modification of the enzyme led to inactivation; this could be protected against by inclusion of substrates or, more effectively, by inclusion of the combination MgADP plus creatine plus nitrate, which is thought to produce a 'transition-stage-analogue' complex. Analysis of data on the rates of inactivation and the stoicheiometry of modification suggested that there was one essential histidine group per enzyme subunit, modification of which led to inactivation.
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Project description:The dimeric enzyme creatine kinase from rabbit muscle was treated with three derivatives of iodoacetamide that are capable of introducing fluorescent groups into the enzyme. All the three reagents (4-iodoacetamidosalicylate (IAS), 5-[N-(iodoacetamidoethyl)amino]-naphthalene-1-sulphonate (IAEDANS) and 6-(4-iodoacetamidophenyl)aminonaphthalene-2-sulphonate (IAANS)) were shown to react at the same single thiol group on each enzyme subunit, leading to complete inactivation of the enzyme. The reaction with IAS was extremely rapid by comparison with the reaction with iodoacetamide or iodoacetate, but various lines of evidence suggest that IAS is not a true affinity label. However, kinetic and binding studies indicate that salicylate itself probably binds at the nucleotide-binding site on the enzyme. As the size of the modifying reagent increased, the first thiol group reacted more rapidly than the second; this trend was more pronounced at 0 degree C than at 25 degree C. With the largest modifying reagent used (IAANS), the pronounced biphasic nature of the modification reaction permitted the preparation of a hybrid enzyme in which only one subunit was modified, but a study of the thiol-group reactivity showed that this hybrid enzyme preparation underwent subunit rearrangement.
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Project description:Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca2+ sensing protein that binds to and modulates numerous target proteins and enzymes during cellular signaling processes. A large number of CaM-target complexes have been identified and structurally characterized, revealing a wide diversity of CaM-binding modes. A newly identified target is creatine kinase (CK), a central enzyme in cellular energy homeostasis. This study reports two high-resolution X-ray structures, determined to 1.24 Å and 1.43 Å resolution, of calmodulin in complex with peptides from human brain and muscle CK, respectively. Both complexes adopt a rare extended binding mode with an observed stoichiometry of 1:2 CaM:peptide, confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry, suggesting that each CaM domain independently binds one CK peptide in a Ca2+-depended manner. While the overall binding mode is similar between the structures with muscle or brain-type CK peptides, the most significant difference is the opposite binding orientation of the peptides in the N-terminal domain. This may extrapolate into distinct binding modes and regulation of the full-length CK isoforms. The structural insights gained in this study strengthen the link between cellular energy homeostasis and Ca2+-mediated cell signaling and may shed light on ways by which cells can 'fine tune' their energy levels to match the spatial and temporal demands.
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Project description:Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are common genetic material changes that often occur naturally. SNPs can cause amino acid replacements that may lead to severe diseases, such as the well-known sickle-cell anemia. We constructed eight SNP mutants of human brain-type creatine kinase (CKB) based on bioinformatics predictions. The biochemical and biophysical characteristics of these SNP mutants were determined and compared to those of the wild-type creatine kinase to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of possible creatine kinase SNP-induced diseases. While the reactivation of six SNP mutants after heat shock dropped more than 45%, only three of them showed notable increases in ANS fluorescence intensity and decreases in catalytic efficiency. Among them, H26Y and P36T bind substrates as well as the wild-type form does, but the melting temperatures (T(m)) dropped below body temperature, while the T59I mutant exhibited decreased catalytic activity that was most likely due to the much reduced binding affinity of this mutant for substrates. These findings indicate that SNPs such as H26Y, P36T and T59I have the potential to induce genetic diseases by different mechanisms.
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Project description:Dimeric creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) from rabbit skeletal muscle can be immobilized via a single subunit to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B and subsequently treated with guanidine hydrochloride followed by renaturation to yield a catalytically active matrix-bound subunit derivative. The importance of the intact dimeric structure in the activation of the enzyme by acetate was demonstrated. Immobilization did not appear to alter the pH optimum of the enzyme, and the kinetic parameters fot the matrix-bound derivatives were generally similar to those for the soluble enzyme, but the matrix-bound derivatives showed higher thermal stability and greater resistance to denaturation than did the soluble enzyme. The rates of reaction of thiol groups of the matrix-bound derivatives with iodoacetamide in the absence and in the presence of combinations of substrates were similar to those of the soluble enzyme. Studies with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and with iodoacetamide revealed the presence of an additional reactive thiol group in the matrix-bound subunit derivative, which is presumably masked in the dimeric derivatives.
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