Acetyl-coenzyme A and coenzyme A analogues. Their effects on rat brain choline acetyltransferase.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Rossier J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1164904 | biostudies-other | 1977 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The p300 and CBP transcriptional coactivator paralogs (p300/CBP) regulate a variety of different cellular pathways, in part, by acetylating histones and more than 70 non-histone protein substrates. Mutation, chromosomal translocation, or other aberrant activities of p300/CBP are linked to many different diseases, including cancer. Because of its pleiotropic biological roles and connection to disease, it is important to understand the mechanism of acetyl transfer by p300/CBP, in part so that inhibitors can be more rationally developed. Toward this goal, a structure of p300 bound to a Lys-CoA bisubstrate HAT inhibitor has been previously elucidated, and the enzyme's catalytic mechanism has been investigated. Nonetheless, many questions underlying p300/CBP structure and mechanism remain. Here, we report a structural characterization of different reaction states in the p300 activity cycle. We present the structures of p300 in complex with an acetyl-CoA substrate, a CoA product, and an acetonyl-CoA inhibitor. A comparison of these structures with the previously reported p300/Lys-CoA complex demonstrates that the conformation of the enzyme active site depends on the interaction of the enzyme with the cofactor, and is not apparently influenced by protein substrate lysine binding. The p300/CoA crystals also contain two poly(ethylene glycol) moieties bound proximal to the cofactor binding site, implicating the path of protein substrate association. The structure of the p300/acetonyl-CoA complex explains the inhibitory and tight binding properties of the acetonyl-CoA toward p300. Together, these studies provide new insights into the molecular basis of acetylation by p300 and have implications for the rational development of new small molecule p300 inhibitors.
| S-EPMC4045318 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. A method for measuring small amounts of acetyl-CoA synthesized in subcellular fractions of the brain from pyruvate and released from particles into the incubation medium has been developed by using placental choline acetyltransferase and choline in the incubation medium to transform acetyl-CoA into acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is measured by biological assay. Optimum conditions of incubation are described. 2. With fresh mitochondria, a decrease of acetyl-CoA output into the medium is observed in the presence of ATP or ADP, and an increase in the presence of calcium chloride or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Fluorocitrate and malonate have little or no effect. 3. After the mitochondria had been treated with ether, the release of acetyl-CoA into the medium is much larger; presumably, nearly all acetyl-CoA synthesized is then released and transformed into acetylcholine under the conditions used. The release of acetyl-CoA is diminished in the presence of Krebs-cycle intermediates and ADP. 4. Of all subcellular fractions, the highest acetyl-CoA production from pyruvate is found in the crude mitochondria; rates up to 51 mumoles of acetyl-CoA/g. of original tissue/hr. are observed in ether-treated samples. 5. The activities of acetyl-CoA synthetase and ATP citrate lyase found in homogenates and nerve-ending fractions of brain tissue are considerably lower than those of pyruvate oxidase complex and choline acetyltransferase. 6. The bearing of some of the findings on the question of the source of acetyl radicals for the synthesis of acetylcholine in vivo is discussed.
| S-EPMC1271215 | biostudies-other
Project description:Acetyl coenzyme A synthetase-1 (AceCS1) catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A from acetate and coenzyme A and is thought to play diverse roles ranging from fatty acid synthesis to gene regulation. By using an affinity-purified antibody generated against an 18-mer peptide sequence of AceCS1 and a polyclonal antibody directed against recombinant AceCS1 protein, we examined the expression of AceCS1 in the rat brain. AceCS1 immunoreactivity in the adult rat brain was present predominantly in cell nuclei, with only light to moderate cytoplasmic staining in some neurons, axons, and oligodendrocytes. Some nonneuronal cell nuclei were very strongly immunoreactive, including those of some oligodendrocytes, whereas neuronal nuclei ranged from unstained to moderately stained. Both antibodies stained some neuronal cell bodies and axons, especially in the hindbrain. AceCS1 immunoreactivity was stronger and more widespread in the brains of 18-day-old rats than in adults, with increased expression in oligodendrocytes and neurons, including cortical pyramidal cells. Expression of AceCS1 was substantially up-regulated in neurons throughout the brain after controlled cortical impact injury. The strong AceCS1 expression observed in the nuclei of CNS cells during brain development and after injury is consistent with a role in nuclear histone acetylation and therefore the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. The cytoplasmic staining observed in some oligodendrocytes, especially during postnatal brain development, suggests an additional role in CNS lipid synthesis and myelination. Neuronal and axonal localization implicates AceCS1 in cytoplasmic acetylation reactions in some neurons.
| S-EPMC3047483 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Ergosterol plays an important role in maintaining cell membrane sterol homeostasis in fungi, and as such, it is considered an effective target in antifungal chemotherapy. In yeast, the enzyme acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase (ERG10) catalyzes the Claisen condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules to acetoacetyl-CoA in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and is reported as being critical for cell viability. Using yeast ERG10 for alignment, two orthologues, AfERG10A (AFUB_000550) and AfERG10B (AFUB_083570), were discovered in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus Despite the essentiality of AfERG10B having been previously validated, the biological function of AfERG10A remains unclear. In this study, we have characterized recombinant AfERG10A as a functional acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase catalyzing both synthetic and degradative reactions. Unexpectedly, AfERG10A localizes to the mitochondria in A. fumigatus, as shown by C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag fusion. Both knockout and inducible promoter strategies demonstrate that Aferg10A is essential for the survival of A. fumigatus The reduced expression of Aferg10A leads to severe morphological defects and increased susceptibility to oxidative and cell wall stresses. Although the catalytic mechanism of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase family is highly conserved, the crystal structure of AfERG10A and its complex with CoA are solved, revealing four substitutions within the CoA binding site that are different from human orthologues. Taken together, our combination of genetic and structural studies demonstrates that mitochondrial AfERG10A is essential for A. fumigatus cell viability and could be a potential drug target to feed the antifungal drug development pipeline.IMPORTANCE A growing number of people worldwide are suffering from invasive aspergillosis caused by the human opportunistic fungal pathogen A. fumigatus Current therapeutic options rely on a limited repertoire of antifungals. Ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane as well as a target of current antifungals. Approximately 20 enzymes are involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, of which acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT) is the first enzyme. Two ACATs in A. fumigatus are AfErg10A and AfErg10B. However, the biological function of AfErg10A is yet to be investigated. In this study, we showed that AfErg10A is localized in the mitochondria and is essential for A. fumigatus survival and morphological development. In combination with structural studies, we validated AfErg10A as a potential drug target that will facilitate the development of novel antifungals and improve the efficiency of existing drugs.
| S-EPMC7082573 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA)-dependent N-acetylation is performed by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and is important in many biofunctions. AANAT catalyzes N-acetylation through an ordered sequential mechanism in which cofactor (Ac-CoA) binds first, with substrate binding afterward. No ternary structure containing AANAT, cofactor, and substrate was determined, meaning the details of substrate binding and product release remain unclear. Here, two ternary complexes of dopamine N-acetyltransferase (Dat) before and after N-acetylation were solved at 1.28 Å and 1.36 Å resolution, respectively. Combined with the structures of Dat in apo form and Ac-CoA bound form, we addressed each stage in the catalytic cycle. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were utilized to analyze the product release. Our data revealed that Ac-CoA regulates the conformational properties of Dat to form the catalytic site and substrate binding pocket, while the release of products is facilitated by the binding of new Ac-CoA.
| S-EPMC7427786 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Acetyl-CoA: alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyltransferase) is an integral lysosomal membrane protein which catalyses the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA on to the terminal glucosamine in heparin and heparan sulphate chains within the lysosome. In vitro, the enzyme is capable of acetylating a number of mono- and oligo-saccharides derived from heparin, provided that a non-reducing terminal glucosamine is present. We have prepared highly enriched lysosomal membrane fractions from human placenta by a combination of differential centrifugation and density-gradient centrifugation in Percoll. This preparation was used to investigate the kinetics of the enzyme with three acetyl-acceptor substrates, i.e. glucosamine and a disaccharide and a tetrasaccharide derived from heparin, each containing a terminal glucosamine residue. The enzyme showed a pH optimum at 6.5, extending to 8.0 for the mono- and di-saccharide substrates but falling off sharply above pH 6.5 for the tetrasaccharide substrate. We identified two distinct Km values for the glucosamine substrate at both pH 7.0 and pH 5.0, whereas the tetrasaccharide substrate displayed only a single Km value at each pH. The Km values were found to be highly pH-dependent, and at pH 5.0 the values for the acetyl-acceptor substrates showed a decreasing trend as the size of the substrate increased, suggesting that the enzyme recognizes an extended region of the non-reducing terminus of the heparin or heparan sulphate polysaccharides. Double-reciprocal analysis, isotope exchange between N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine, and inhibition studies with desulpho-CoA indicate that the enzyme operates by a random-order ternary-complex mechanism. Product inhibition studies display a complex pattern of dead-end inhibition. Taken in context with what is known about lysosomal utilization and physiological levels of acetyl-CoA, these results suggest that in vivo the enzyme operates via a random-order ternary-complex mechanism which involves the utilization of cytosolic acetyl-CoA to transfer acetyl groups on to the terminal glucosamine residues of heparin within the lysosome.
| S-EPMC1136880 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. The nature of the acetyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.1) reaction in rat and sheep liver homogenates was investigated. 2. The activity determined in an incubated system was 5.10 and 3.28nmol/min per mg of protein for rat and sheep liver homogenate respectively. This activity was not affected by the addition of l-carnitine, but was decreased by the addition of d-carnitine. 3. No acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity could be detected in rat or sheep liver homogenates first treated with Sephadex G-25. This treatment decreased the carnitine concentrations of the homogenates to about one-twentieth. Subsequent addition of l-carnitine, but not d-carnitine, restored the apparent acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity. 4. Sephadex treatment did not affect acetyl-carnitine hydrolase activity of the homogenates, which was 5.8 and 8.1nmol/min per mg of protein respectively for rat and sheep liver. 5. Direct spectrophotometric assay of acetyl-CoA hydrolase, based on the reaction of CoA released with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), clearly demonstrated that after Sephadex treatment no activity could be measured. 6. Carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) activity measured in the same assay system in response to added l-carnitine was very low in normal rat liver homogenates, owing to the apparent high acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity, but was increased markedly after Sephadex treatment. The V(max.) for this enzyme in rat liver homogenates was increased from 3.4 to 14.8nmol/min per mg of protein whereas the K(m) for l-carnitine was decreased from 936 to 32mum after Sephadex treatment. 7. Acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity could be demonstrated in disrupted rat liver mitochondria but not in separated outer or inner mitochondrial membrane fractions. Activity could be demonstrated after recombination of outer and inner mitochondrial membrane fractions. The outer mitochondrial membrane fraction showed acetylcarnitine hydrolase activity and the inner mitochondrial membrane fraction showed carnitine acetyltransferase activity. 8. The results presented here demonstrate that acetyl-CoA hydrolase activity in rat and sheep liver is an artifact and the activity is due to the combined activity of carnitine acetyltransferase and acetylcarnitine hydrolase.
| S-EPMC1172457 | biostudies-other
Project description:Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) synthesizes the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, at cholinergic nerve terminals. ChAT contains nuclear localization signals and is also localized in the nuclei of neural and non-neuronal cells. Nuclear ChAT might have an as yet unidentified function, such as transcriptional regulation. In this study, we investigated the alteration of candidate gene transcription by ChAT. We chose high affinity choline transporter (CHT1) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VACHT) as candidate genes, which function together with ChAT in acetylcholine production. Using SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells stably expressing wild-type human ChAT, we found that overexpressed ChAT enhanced transcription of the CHT1 gene but not the VACHT gene. In contrast, nuclear localization signal disrupted, and catalytically inactive mutant ChATs could not induce, CHT1 expression. Additionally, ChAT did not alter CHT1 expression in non-neuronal HEK293 cells. Our results suggest that ChAT activates the transcription of selected target genes in neuronal cells. Both enzymatic activity and nuclear translocation of ChAT are required for its transcriptional enhancement.
| S-EPMC3037696 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Reversible lysine acetylation (RLA) is used by cells of all domains of life to modulate protein function. To date, bacterial acetylation/deacetylation systems have been studied in a few bacteria (e.g., Salmonella enterica, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Erwinia amylovora, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Geobacillus kaustophilus), but little is known about RLA in antibiotic-producing actinomycetes. Here, we identify the Gcn5-like protein acetyltransferase AcuA of Saccharopolyspora erythraea (SacAcuA, SACE_5148) as the enzyme responsible for the acetylation of the AMP-forming acetyl coenzyme A synthetase (SacAcsA, SACE_2375). Acetylated SacAcsA was deacetylated by a sirtuin-type NAD(+)-dependent consuming deacetylase (SacSrtN, SACE_3798). In vitro acetylation/deacetylation of SacAcsA enzyme was studied by Western blotting, and acetylation of lysine residues Lys(237), Lys(380), Lys(611), and Lys(628) was confirmed by mass spectrometry. In a strain devoid of SacAcuA, none of the above-mentioned Lys residues of SacAcsA was acetylated. To our knowledge, the ability of SacAcuA to acetylate multiple Lys residues is unique among AcuA-type acetyltransferases. Results from site-specific mutagenesis experiments showed that the activity of SacAcsA was controlled by lysine acetylation. Lastly, immunoprecipitation data showed that in vivo acetylation of SacAcsA was influenced by glucose and acetate availability. These results suggested that reversible acetylation may also be a conserved regulatory posttranslational modification strategy in antibiotic-producing actinomycetes.
| S-EPMC4135648 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The regulation of glial cells, especially astrocytes and microglia, is important to prevent the exacerbation of a brain injury because over-reactive glial cells promote neuronal death. Acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter synthesized and hydrolyzed by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), respectively, in the central nervous system, has the potential to regulate glial cells' states, i.e., non-reactive and reactive states. However, the expression levels of these ACh-related enzymes in areas containing reactive glial cells are unclear. Herein we immunohistochemically investigated the distributions of AChE and ChAT with reactive glial cells in the cryo-injured brain of mice as a traumatic brain injury model. Immunohistochemistry revealed AChE- and ChAT-immunopositive signals in injured areas at 7 days post-injury. The signals were observed in and around glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)- or CD68-immunopositive cells, and the numbers of cells doubly positive for GFAP/AChE, GFAP/ChAT, CD68/AChE, and CD68/ChAT were significantly increased in injured areas compared to sham-operated areas. Enzyme histochemistry for AChE showed intensely positive signals in injured areas. These results suggest that reactive astrocytes and microglia express and secrete AChE and ChAT in brain-injury areas. These glial cells may adjust the ACh concentration around themselves through the regulation of the expression of ACh-related enzymes in order to control their reactive states.
| S-EPMC7324811 | biostudies-literature