Studies on sex-organ development. Ontogeny of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor in chick Mullerian duct.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Teng CS
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1165725 | biostudies-other | 1975 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:An oestradiol-binding macromolecule was observed in the left Müllerian duct of the 15-day female chick embryo. The embryonic receptor binds oestradiol with a high affinity and low capacity, having a Kd of 3.2 X 10(-9)M and a maximal number of sites of 5.45 fmol/10(6) cells in the left Müllerian duct. The receptor is protein in nature, as suggested by its susceptibility to proteolysis; in addition, it is organ- and steroid-specific. Judging by glycerol-gradient analysis, the hormone receptors in the cytosol are present in 8S and 4.5S forms, and the 8S form could be dissociated into a 4.5S form in the presence of 0.5M-KCl. A 4.5-6S receptor could be extracted from the nuclei. Under physiological salt conditions, the embryonic receptors bind to DNA-cellulose and can be eluted when the salt concentration is increased to 0.5M-KCl. Determination by isoelectric focusing indicates that the isoelectric point is 5.8 for the 8S and 6.9 for the 4.5S receptor.
| S-EPMC1165724 | biostudies-other
Project description:After oestradiol administration in vivo, 87-95% of the initial concentration of oestradiol receptor in the cytoplasm of the embryonic-chick Müllerian-duct cell was translocated into the nucleus. The process of translocation depends on the amount of oestardiol administered in vivo. At 6 h after oestradiol administration in vivo, about 30% replenishment of the initial content of the cytosol receptor was observed in the cytoplasm. The Müllerian-duct nuclei, after exposure to non-radioactive oestradiol, exhibit saturable exchange with [3H]oestradiol in vitro. The exchange of oestradiol is temperature- and time-dependent. The optimal temperature and time for exchange are 37-41 degrees C and 2h respectively. The [3H]oestradiol-receptor complex extracted from the exchanged nuclei is present in 5-6S form, and its isoelectric point is 6.8. The number of nuclear oestradiol-binding sites of the developing Müllerian duct are 1.66, 2.22, 2.63, and 2.50 pmol/mg of DNA respectively for embryos of 10, 12, 15 and 18 days. The dissociation constants of the nuclear oestradiol receptor of the four observed developmental stages range from 3.0 to 3.1 nM.
| S-EPMC1172669 | biostudies-other
Project description:The effects of diethylstilboestrol on morphogenesis and cyto-differentiation of the chick-embryo left Müllerian duct were examined. Embryos were treated at different stages of development with maximal-responsive doses of diethylstilboestrol over a 5-day interval. The shell gland and magnum regions of the Müllerian duct were then assayed for growth and histological morphogenesis. The results were correlated with diethylstilboestrol-induced ovalbumin-gene expression as measured by ovalbumin-mRNA (mRNAov) accumulation and the relative rate of ovalbumin synthesis. Treatment of the embryo from day 10 to day 15 of incubation induces morphogenesis of tubular-gland cells in the Müllerian-duct magnum. Although these cells constitute 10% of the total cell population and contain an average of 8000 molecules of mRNAov per cell, ovalbumin synthesis is only 0.85% of total magnum protein synthesis. The Müllerian-duct magnum of embryos treated from day 13 to day 18 of incubation contains about 30% tubular-gland cells, which have accumulated an average of 7000 molecules of mRNAov per cell, but ovalbumin synthesis is only 3.25% of total magnum protein synthesis. The Müllerian-duct magnum of embryos treated from day 16 to day 21 of incubation contains about 50% tubular-gland cells, which have accumulated an average of 6500 mRNAov molecules per cell, and ovalbumin synthesis is 10% of total magnum protein synthesis. Oestrogen responsiveness develops simultaneously in the Müllerian-duct magnum and shell-gland regions. Compared with the rate of diethylstilboestrol-induced oviduct growth, the relative rate of diethylstilboestrol-induced Müllerian-duct growth increases with embryonic age, from 20-fold lower in the 10-day embryo to only 3-fold lower in the 16-day embryo. All results are discussed in comparison with the responses to oestrogen of the immature chick oviduct, and in terms of the ontogeny of hormone-competent epithelial and stromal components of the Müllerian duct. It is concluded that the development of oestrogenic competence in the embryonic Müllerian duct is a multiphasic phenomenon. A dramatic increase in hormone responsiveness in the Müllerian duct occurs between days 10 and 16 of development, and a less dramatic final maturation of oestrogen responsiveness occurs between day 16 of development and 1 week after hatching.
| S-EPMC1161305 | biostudies-other
Project description:Assays of transcription in vitro, with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase or wheat-germ RNA polymerase II, were used to characterize chromatin templates isolated from the left Müllerian duct of the chick embryo during normal development, and during development in the presence of diethylstilboestrol. Control Müllerian-duct template capacity with E. coli RNA polymerase decreased from 6.42% on day 10 to 4.34% by day 15 of development. Similar results were found with wheat-germ RNA polymerase II. In the presence of rifampicin and heparin, the prokaryotic enzyme transcribed a number-average RNA chain of 670 nucleotide residues, at an average rate of 110 nucleotide residues/min, from Müllerian-duct chromatin of all developmental stages. From day 10 to day 15 there was a 44% decrease in the number of initiation sites for E. coli RNA polymerase on Müllerian-duct chromatin. A 47% decline was observed when these chromatins were transcribed with excess RNA polymerase II in the presence of rifamycin Af/013. Signs of increasing responsiveness to oestrogen developed between days 10 and 16. Embryos exposed to maximally responsive doses of diethylstilboestrol for 2 days showed increases in Müllerian-duct chromatin template capacity, RNA-chain initiation sites, wet weight, protein and RNA. The changes seen in the oviduct of the 1-week-old chick injected for 2 days with diethylstilboestrol were defined as 100% responses. By comparison, the Müllerian duct, after exposure to diethylstilboestrol from day 10 to day 12, from day 13 to day 15 or from day 16 to day 18, showed a 15%, 39% and 72% template response respectively, and a 42%, 56% and 85% initiation-site change respectively. A similar developmental trend was observed in all parameters. It is concluded that oestrogenic responsiveness in the developing Müllerian duct increases from day 10 to nearly maximal values by day 16 of development, and that this transition is paralleled by a progressive restriction of genomic activity.
| S-EPMC1161304 | biostudies-other
Project description:Biochemical and immunochemical techniques were used to probe the changes in composition of the chromatin of differentiating Müllerian ducts. The non-histone protein increases gradually in the left duct and reaches a constant amount at day 15 of incubation, then remains at the same value until after birth. In the regressing right duct, the non-histone protein increases and then decreases. Gel electrophoresis indicated an increased heterogeneity in the composition of the non-histone protein corresponding to Müllerian-duct differentiation. Little variation in quantity and quality of the histone was observed; however, immunochemical assay confirmed the structural change of Müllerian-duct chromatin during development. An antibody against the chromatin of the newborn-chick oviduct was produced in the rabbit. The chromatin of Müllerian ducts from the early embryonic stage showed a small affinity with the antibody; the affinity increased during the late embryonic stages. The affinity was greatly decreased in the regressing right duct. Oestrogen-binding sites were present in the chromatin of the left and right Müllerian ducts during differentiation, with more sites in the left duct than in the right one during the late stages of development. After oestrogen treatment in vivo, the oestrogen-binding sites on the chromatin of both the left and the right ducts were increased, with a greater increase in the left duct than in the right. In the developing left duct the binding sites reach a maximum on day 15 of incubation, and remain constant at that value until birth.
| S-EPMC1185709 | biostudies-other
Project description:The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the differentiating left and right Müllerian ducts was assayed and compared with that in other embryonic organs, i.e. the liver and the brain throughout the stages of development. In general the enzyme activity was high in the early stages and decreased extensively in the late stages of development. Specifically, in the left and righ Müllerian ducts, the enzyme activity was high from day 8 to day 9 of incubation. In the right duct the enzyme activity started to decline on day 9 and then continuously decreased to an almost undetectable value on day 18 of incubation. In the left duct the enzyme activity also decreased slightly from day 9 to day 12; however, it increased from day 13 to day 15 and finally decreased to a constant value from day 18 until hatching. The alteration in enzyme activity in the Müllerian duct as assayed in vitro during development is not due to the effect of the size of the endogenous ornithine pool. When the enzyme activity was subjected to oestrogen stimulation, an increase of 5--10-fold for the left duct and of 5--3-fold for the right duct was observed during the course of development. No such stimulation was observed with the treatment of progesterone. Testosterone consistently caused a 25--30% inhibition of the enzyme activity in the Müllerian duct. Oestrogen slightly stimulated the enzyme activity in the developing liver but inhibited that of the brain. The concentration of the three polyamines measured in the Müllerian duct corresponds to the activity of the enzyme determined.
| S-EPMC1186214 | biostudies-other
Project description:The response of ornithine decarboxylase activity to hormones in the embryonic left ovary was measured throughout the stages of development. During the early stage of ovarian development (9th day of incubation), the ornithine decarboxylase activity (in terms of pmol CO(2)/30min per mg of protein) was high (766); it decreased from the 10th to the 12th day (575-239), increased slightly from the 13th to the 15th day (306) and finally fell to a low value (192-20) from the 18th day of development to birth. Administration of an optimal dose of oestrogen to the 9-10-day embryo stimulated the ovarian ornithine decarboxylase activity by 48-53%. If the same dose of oestrogen was administered to the 15-18-day embryo, the ovarian enzyme activity was suppressed by 32-43%. This biphasic response to oestrogen for enzyme induction is characteristic of the developing ovary and is not observed in other genital organs of the chick. In the early developmental stage (9-10th day) testosterone has no effect on ovarian ornithine decarboxylase activity, but in the late stage testosterone inhibits the activity by 41%. Organ culture techniques have been used to test the ovarian response to lutropin (luteinizing hormone). Lutropin stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity by approx. 99-155% in the ovary of the early embryonic stage (10-13th day), and by 175-200% in the ovary of the late embryonic stage (15-18th day). The alteration in enzyme activity in the ovary as assayed in vitro during development is not due to the effect of the size of the endogenous ornithine pool. The relationship of ornithine decarboxylase activity to the morphological and biochemical changes in the developing ovary is discussed.
| S-EPMC1161872 | biostudies-other
Project description:A fundamental understanding of prostate development and tissue homeostasis has the high potential to reveal mechanisms for prostate disease initiation and identify novel therapeutic approaches for disease prevention and treatment. Our current understanding of prostate lineage specification stems from the use of developmental model systems that rely upon the embryonic preprostatic urogenital sinus mesenchyme to induce the formation of mature prostate epithelial cells. It is unclear, however, how the urogenital sinus epithelium can derive both adult urethral glands and prostate epithelia. Furthermore, the vast disparity in disease initiation between these two glands highlights key developmental factors that predispose prostate epithelia to hyperplasia and cancer. In this study we demonstrate that the caudal Müllerian duct mesenchyme (CMDM) drives prostate epithelial differentiation and is a key determinant in cell lineage specification between urethral glands and prostate epithelia. Utilizing both human embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic tissues, we document that the CMDM is capable of inducing the specification of androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen, NKX3.1, and Hoxb13-positive prostate epithelial cells. These results help to explain key developmental differences between prostate and urethral gland differentiation, and implicate factors secreted by the caudal Müllerian duct as novel targets for prostate disease prevention and treatment.
| S-EPMC5105354 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The female reproductive tract organs of mammals, including the oviducts, uterus, cervix and upper vagina, are derived from the Müllerian ducts, a pair of epithelial tubes that form within the mesonephroi. The Müllerian ducts form in a rostral to caudal manner, guided by and dependent on the Wolffian ducts that have already formed. Experimental embryological studies indicate that caudal elongation of the Müllerian duct towards the urogenital sinus occurs in part by proliferation at the ductal tip. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the elongation of the Müllerian duct are currently unclear. Lhx1 encodes a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor that is essential for male and female reproductive tract development. Lhx1 is expressed in both the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts. Wolffian duct-specific knockout of Lhx1 results in degeneration of the Wolffian duct and consequently the non-cell-autonomous loss of the Müllerian duct. To determine the role of Lhx1 specifically in the Müllerian duct epithelium, we performed a Müllerian duct-specific knockout study using Wnt7a-Cre mice. Loss of Lhx1 in the Müllerian duct epithelium led to a block in Müllerian duct elongation and uterine hypoplasia characterized by loss of the entire endometrium (luminal and glandular epithelium and stroma) and inner circular but not the outer longitudinal muscle layer. Time-lapse imaging and molecular analyses indicate that Lhx1 acts cell autonomously to maintain ductal progenitor cells for Müllerian duct elongation. These studies identify LHX1 as the first transcription factor that is essential in the Müllerian duct epithelial progenitor cells for female reproductive tract development. Furthermore, these genetic studies demonstrate the requirement of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions for uterine tissue compartment differentiation.
| S-EPMC3988469 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. We investigated the production of steroid hormones by the ovaries of the developing embryonic chick under conditions of organ culture. Radioimmunoassay techniques were used to measure the amount of steroid hormone released into the culture medium. Stimulation of the production of steroid hormones by choriogonadotropin from the urine of pregnant human was dose-dependent. Oestradio and testosterone production was optimal when 20 i.u. of gonadotropic hormone was present in the culture medium 2. During development, both left and right ovaries responded to gonadotropic hormone stimulation with a 2.5-3-fold increase in oestrogen production. However, the right ovary was twice as efficient in testosterone production as the left one. The presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP in the culture medium of the embryonic ovaries mimicked the effect of the gonadotropic hormone. 3. The human choriogonadotropic hormone stimulated cyclic AMP production in the embryonic ovarian tissue. Thyrotropin, growth hormone and insulin had no stimulating effect. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine potentiated the gonadotropic hormone effect by increasing the concentration of cyclic AMP in the ovarian tissue. 4. The amount of cyclic AMP synthesized in the embryonic ovary was gradually increased (from 1.2 to 6.5 pmol/mg of tissue) when incubated with increasing doses of human choriogonadotropic hormone in vitro. The newly synthesized cyclic AMP reached the maximum concnentration after 30 min of incubation, then decreased at 2 h of incubation. A portion of the newly synthesized cyclic AMP was released into the culture medium. 5. At various developmental stages, both left and right embryonic-chick ovaries responded to stimulation by gonadotropic hormone with an increase in cyclic AMP production. The cyclic AMP concentration in the right ovary was 80% higher than that in the corresponding left ovary.
| S-EPMC1164575 | biostudies-other