The isolation of an azobilirubin beta-D-monoglucoside from dog gall-bladder bile.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Gordon ER
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1168357 | biostudies-other | 1974 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Bilirubin and its conjugates were extracted from either dog gall-bladder bile or bile-containing human duodenal juice into chloroform containing 10mm-tetraheptylammonium chloride. The intact bilirubin tetrapyrroles were then separated by t.l.c. Structural elucidation was made after coupling of the individual pigments with diazonium salts. Four azopigments were detected: azopigment alpha(o) or dipyrrolic azobilirubin; azopigment delta or dipyrrolic azobilirubin monoglucuronide; azopigment alpha(3) or dipyrrolic azobilirubin monoglucoside; and, from dog gall-bladder bile, azopigment alpha(2). The last conjugate required further verification of its structure. After methanolysis, it was shown by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry to contain xylose in a 1:1 molar ratio with the azopigments of bilirubin. Human bile contained 86% bilirubin diglucuronide, 7% bilirubin monoglucuronide monoglucoside diester, 4% bilirubin monoglucuronide and 3% bilirubin. Dog gall-bladder bile had a considerably different composition; it contained 47% bilirubin diglucuronide, 40% bilirubin monoglucuronide monoglucoside diester, 8% bilirubin monoglucuronide, 4% bilirubin diglucoside, 1-2% bilirubin and traces of conjugates containing xylose. The total bilirubin content and proportions of the conjugates did not change in bile that was frozen and stored at -20 degrees C under N(2), whereas in the chloroform/tetraheptylammonium chloride extract, similarly stored, total pigment was slowly lost and the diglucuronide conjugate converted into the monoglucuronide.
| S-EPMC1183615 | biostudies-other
Project description:Bile is a biological fluid synthesized in the liver, stored and concentrated in the gall bladder (interdigestive), and released into the duodenum after food intake. The microbial populations of different parts of mammal's gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small and large intestine) have been extensively studied; however, the characterization of bile microbiota had not been tackled until now. We have studied, by culture-dependent techniques and a 16S rRNA gene-based analysis, the microbiota present in the bile, gall bladder mucus, and biopsies of healthy sows. Also, we have identified the most abundant bacterial proteins in the bile samples. Our data show that the gall bladder ecosystem is mainly populated by members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Furthermore, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed us to visualize the presence of individual bacteria of different morphological types, in close association with either the epithelium or the erythrocytes, or inside the epithelial cells. Our work has generated new knowledge of bile microbial profiles and functions and might provide the basis for future studies on the relationship between bile microbiota, gut microbiota, and health.
| S-EPMC4263516 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sphincterotomy has been shown to inhibit stone formation in the gall bladder of experimental animals. AIMS: To investigate the alterations in bile composition and gall bladder motility after endoscopic sphincterotomy. PATIENTS: A study was performed of gall bladder bile composition and gall bladder motility in patients with gallstone disease ((n = 20; age 40-60 years, median age 55 years: seven men), with gall bladder calculi (n = 12) and with diseased gall bladder (chronic inflammation) without gall bladder calculi (n = 8)), who had received endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct stones. Age and sex matched disease controls comprised 20 patients with gallstone disease but without stones and an intact sphincter of Oddi (with gall bladder calculi (n = 10) and diseased gall bladder without gall bladder calculi (n = 10)). METHODS: Gall bladder motility was assessed by ultrasound. Duodenal bile collected by nasoduodenal tube after stimulation of gall bladder by intravenous ceruletid infusion was analysed for cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile acid concentrations, cholesterol saturation index, and nucleation time. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in mean (SEM) fasting volume (12.5 (1.7) ml v 26.4 (2.5) ml; p < 0.001) and mean (SEM) residual volume (4.34 (0.9) ml v 14.7 (0.98) ml; p < 0.001), and increase in mean (SEM) ejection fraction (65.7 (4.2)% v 43.6 (5.52)%; p < 0.001) and mean (SEM) rate constant of gall bladder emptying (-0.031/min v -0.020/min; p < 0.01) in patients who had been subjected to endoscopic sphincterotomy. Median nucleation time was significantly longer (17 days v 6 days; p < 0.006) in treated patients. There was a reduction in total mean (SEM) lipid concentrations (6.73 (0.32) g/dl v 7.72 (0.84) g/dl; p < 0.05), cholesterol (5.6 (1.5) mmol/l v 10.3 (2.23) mmol/l; p < 0.001) and CSI (0.72 (0.15) v 1.32 (0.31); p < 0.001). There was no significant change in mean (SEM) phospholipid (25.6 (3.5) mmol/l v 23.4 (6.28) mmol/l) and bile acid (93.7 (7.31) mmol/l v 105.07 (16.6) mmol/l) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: After endoscopic sphincterotomy there was enhanced contractility of the gall bladder, accompanied by a prolongation of nucleation time and reduction in cholesterol saturation index.
| S-EPMC1727012 | biostudies-other
Project description:We have studied by pyrosequencing the microbiota present in the bile and gall bladder mucus of healthy sows.
| PRJEB6268 | ENA
Project description:Mouse gall bladder cells from MIP-GFP mice were expanded in vitro and transduced with adenoviral vectors expressing the transcription factors Neurog3, Pdx1 and MafA. Reprogrammed GFP+ cells were then FACS-sorted for RNA isolation.
2015-04-17 | E-MTAB-3520 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Ligation of the common bile duct (BDL) in the male rabbit resulted in increased gall-bladder microsomal total cyclo-oxygenase activity with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-oxoprostaglandin F1 alpha [6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, stable metabolite of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2; prostacyclin)] as the major prostanoids synthesized after 24 and 72 h. Kinetic analysis of gallbladder microsomal membrane fractions incubated with increasing levels of [14C]arachidonic acid indicated that BDL for 24 and 72 h did not change substrate affinity (apparent Km) but markedly increased the rate of conversion (apparent Vmax.) suggesting the presence of more total enzyme responsible for synthesis of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha and PGE2. BDL for 24 and 72 h significantly increased gall-bladder tissue slice basal release of 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha, but not PGE2, when compared with the controls. Gall-bladder slice release of PGE2 was 3-fold less than 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha in the control gall-bladder slices. Immunoblot analysis of 72 h BDL gall-bladder microsomal membrane fractions showed a slight increase in cyclo-oxygenase content and a 5-fold increase in the content of prostacyclin synthase as compared with the control. These data suggest that the BDL-stimulated total gall-bladder cyclo-oxygenase activity was the result of an increase in the level of specific prostaglandin-synthetic enzymes, in particular prostacyclin synthase, and not from a change in enzyme affinity.
| S-EPMC1132050 | biostudies-other
Project description:AIM:To seek and analyze features suggestive of gallbladder cancer (GBC) on preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings in patients diagnosed as having incidental GBC (IGBC). METHODS:The study was conducted on 79 patients of IGBC managed in our department over a 10-year period (2003-2012). Review of preoperative imaging and operative notes was done to ascertain any suspicion of malignancy-in-retrospect. RESULTS:Of the 79 patients, Ultrasound abdomen showed diffuse thickening, not suspicious of malignancy in 5 patients, and diffuse suspicious thickening was seen in 4 patients. Focal thickening suspicious of malignancy was present in 24 patients. Preoperative computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging was done in 9 patients for suspicion of malignancy. In 5 patients, difficult Cholecystectomy was encountered due to dense/inflammatory adhesions. Intraoperative findings showed focal thickening of the gallbladder and a gallbladder mass in 9 and 17 patients respectively. On overall analysis, 37 patients had preoperative imaging or intraoperative findings suggestive of malignancy, which was either a missed GBC or an unsuspected/unexpected GBC. In 42 (53.2%) patients, there was no evidence suggestive of malignancy and was an unanticipated diagnosis. CONCLUSION:Our study highlights a potential and not-so-rare pitfall of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. A greater awareness of this clinical entity along with a high index of suspicion and a low threshold for conversion to open procedure, especially in endemic areas may avert avoidable patient morbidity and mortality.
| S-EPMC4266816 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The liver, gall bladder, and ventral pancreas are formed from the posterior region of the ventral foregut. After hepatic induction, Sox17+/Pdx1+ pancreatobiliary common progenitor cells differentiate into Sox17+/Pdx1- gall bladder progenitors and Sox17-/Pdx1+ ventral pancreatic progenitors, but the cell-extrinsic signals that regulate this differentiation process are unknown. This study shows that the septum transversum mesenchyme (STM) grows in the posterior direction after E8.5, becoming adjacent to the presumptive gall bladder region, to induce gall bladder development. In this induction process, STM-derived BMP4 induces differentiation from common progenitor cells adjacent to the STM into gall bladder progenitor cells, by maintaining Sox17 expression and suppressing Pdx1 expression. Furthermore, the STM suppresses ectopic activation of the liver program in the posterior region of the ventral foregut following hepatic induction through an Fgf10/Fgfr2b/Sox9 signaling pathway. Thus, the STM plays pivotal roles in gall bladder development by both inductive and suppressive effects.
| S-EPMC3744069 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mucin glycoproteins play an important role in the initial stages of gall-stone formation by a currently largely unknown mechanism. Understanding the structure of gall-bladder mucin is necessary to comprehend the mechanism by which cholesterol monohydrate crystals aggregate. Three successive CsCl-gradient-ultracentrifugation steps were used to purify human gall-bladder mucin from gall-bladder tissue. The isolated macromolecules had a typical mucin-like monosaccharide composition and appeared as heterogeneous high-M(r) glycoproteins on SDS/PAGE. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against these molecules and the specificity of the antiserum was ascertained by immunoblotting. The antiserum specifically stained mucous granules at the apical side of all gall-bladder epithelial cells in neck, fundus and body. The antibody was subsequently used to immunoprecipitate the mucin and biosynthetic intermediates from gall-bladder-tissue homogenates. An early biosynthetic precursor of the isolated mucin was identified by SDS/PAGE as a single polypeptide with an apparent M(r) of approx. 470,000. This precursor protein was converted after 1 h into a heterogeneous high-M(r) glycoconjugate with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the purified mucin. The mature mucin, but not the precursor, was secreted into the culture medium, starting at 1 h. As shown by SDS/PAGE under non-reducing conditions, the precursors form disulphide-linked oligomers. Using the N-glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin, the apparent M(r) of the precursor was decreased to approx. 410,000, indicating that N-linked glycan chains are attached to the precursor polypeptide.
| S-EPMC1137396 | biostudies-other
Project description:Neutrophil mobilization is a crucial response to protect the host against invading microorganisms. Neutrophil recruitment and removal have to be tightly regulated to prevent uncontrolled inflammation and excessive release of their toxic content causing tissue damage and subsequent organ dysfunctions. We show here the presence of live and apoptotic neutrophils in the cytoplasm of inflamed mammary, urinary and gall bladder epithelial cells following infection with E. coli and Salmonella bacteria. The entry process commenced with adherence of transmigrated neutrophils to the apical membrane of inflamed epithelial cells. Next, nuclear rearrangement and elongation associated with extensive actin polymerization enabled neutrophils to crawl and invaginate the apical membrane into cytoplasmic double membrane compartments. Scission of the invaginated cell membrane from the entry point and loss of these surrounding membranes released intracellular neutrophils into the cytoplasm where they undergone apoptotic death. The co-occurrence of this observation with bacterial invasion and formation of intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) might link entry of infected neutrophils to the formation of IBCs and chronic carriage in E. coli mastitis and cystitis and Salmonella cholecystitis.
| S-EPMC6642505 | biostudies-literature