Crystallization of one of the chicken pepinogens and its derived pepsin.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Green ML
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1172428 | biostudies-other | 1975 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:1. Evidence is given for the presence of at least five pepsinogens in a crude extract of mixed chicken stomachs. One of these was purified and could be activated to yield a single pepsin. 2. The molecular weights of the pepsinogen and pepsin were 36000 and 34000 respectively. The pepsin associated at low pH values and low ionic strength. 3. The amino acid analyses of both proteins are given. The pepsin was devoid of phosphate but contained carbohydrate. 4. The N-terminal amino acids of pepsinogen and pepsin were serine and threonine respectively. Five amino acids were released by carboxypeptidase A and it was deduced that serine may be the C-terminal one. 5. Each protein contained one thiol group per molecule as determined by titration with p-chloromercuribenzoate. The rate of the reaction was very rapid with pepsin, but much slower with pepsinogen, although the same group appeared to react in both instances. The enzymic activity of pepsin was unaffected by the modification. 6. The isoionic point of the pepsin was close to pH4.0 and the enzyme was stable for long periods at pH values up to 7.0. 7. The enzyme hydrolysed bisphenyl sulphite almost as rapidly as did pig pepsin A.
| S-EPMC1177675 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. The activity of chicken pepsin was partially inhibited by dimethyl-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulphonium bromide, but was unaffected by p-bromophenacyl bromide. 2. In the presence of Cu2+, diazoacetylnorleucine methyl ester completely inactivated chicken pepsin with the incorporation of 1 mol/mol. The mechanism of the reaction was similar to that with pig pepsin. 3. Chicken pepsin was completely inactivated by 2-diazo-4-bromoacetophenone in the presence of Cu2+. 4. Chicken pepsin was almost completely inactivated by 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane at 25 degrees C, 3-4mol of inhibitor/mol being incorporated. The reaction at 10 degrees C was investigated briefly. 5. Calf chymosin was inactivated by 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane at 10 degrees C, the incorporation of 1 mol/mol being required for complete inhibition. 6. The characteristics of the reactions of chicken pepsin with the above compounds were compared with those of other acid proteinases.
| S-EPMC1172362 | biostudies-other
Project description:Beta-keratin in poultry feathers is a structural protein that is resistant to degradation due to disulfide and hydrogen bonds. Feather meal can be a valuable feed compound if the digestibility can be increased. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of chemical, enzymatic, and pressure-thermic treatments for chicken feathers on solubility, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), and amino acid composition of solubilized and residual fractions. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, models for solubility and IVPD were developed including the above factors applying a central composite face-centered design. Addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), and autoclaving time affected solubility and IVPD of the feather hydrolysates, but not addition of keratinolytic enzyme. In experiment 2, 7 combinations of the hydrolysis factors NaOH, Na2SO3, and autoclaving time with a predicted IVPD of 900 g/kg of DM, calculated for the sum of solubilized and residual feather fractions, were included to measure effects on IVPD and amino acid composition in each fraction. The IVPD values were higher for solubilized than residual fractions when treated with NaOH and autoclaving, but no differences were found when treated with Na2SO3 and autoclaving. Losses of cystine were substantial for all treatments, but lower for Na2SO3 than for NaOH. Furthermore, use of lower Na2SO3 concentration and longer autoclaving time reduced losses of cystine. Compared with NaOH treatments, Na2SO3 gave lower losses of threonine, arginine, serine, and tyrosine. With reference to the ideal protein profile for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), the treatments with 60 or 90 min autoclaving and 0.36 or 0.21% Na2SO3 had the highest chemical scores. The scores were generally higher for amino acids in residual than solubilized fractions, but with 90 min autoclaving and 0.21% Na2SO3 differences were small. In conclusion, hydrolysis of chicken feathers with low concentrations of Na2SO3 combined with autoclaving results in feather meal with high nutritional value for Atlantic salmon; separation of solubilized and residual fractions is not necessary.
| S-EPMC6093747 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The crystallization mechanisms of organic molecules in solution are not well-understood. The mechanistic scenarios where crystalline order evolves directly from the molecularly dissolved state ("classical") and from initially formed amorphous intermediates ("nonclassical") are suggested and debated. Here, we studied crystallization mechanisms of two widely used analgesics, ibuprofen (IbuH) and etoricoxib (ETO), using direct cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) imaging. In the IbuH case, parallel crystallization pathways involved diverse phases of high and low density, in which the instantaneous formation of final crystalline order was observed. ETO crystallization started from well-defined round-shaped amorphous intermediates that gradually evolved into crystals. This mechanistic diversity is rationalized by introducing a continuum crystallization paradigm: order evolution depends on ordering in the initially formed intermediates and efficiency of molecular rearrangements within them, and there is a continuum of states related to the initial order and rearrangement rates. This model provides a unified view of crystallization mechanisms, encompassing classical and nonclassical pictures.
| S-EPMC8161475 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hydrogels derived from decellularized lungs are promising materials for tissue engineering in the development of clinical therapies and for modeling the lung extracellular matrix (ECM) in vitro. Characterizing and controlling the resulting physical, biochemical, mechanical, and biologic properties of decellularized ECM (dECM) after enzymatic solubilization and gelation are thus of key interest. As the role of enzymatic pepsin digestion in effecting these properties has been understudied, we investigated the digestion time-dependency on key parameters of the resulting ECM hydrogel. Using resolubilized, homogenized decellularized pig lung dECM as a model system, significant time-dependent changes in protein concentration, turbidity, and gelation potential were found to occur between the 4 and 24 h digestion time points, and plateauing with longer digestion times. These results correlated with qualitative scanning electron microscopy images and quantitative analysis of hydrogel interconnectivity and average fiber diameter. Interestingly, the time-dependent changes in the storage modulus tracked with the hydrogel interconnectivity results, while the Young's modulus values were more closely related to average fiber size at each time point. The structural and biochemical alterations correlated with significant changes in metabolic activity of several representative lung cells seeded onto the hydrogels with progressive decreases in cell viability and alterations in morphology observed in cells cultured on hydrogels produced with dECM digested for >12 and up to 72 h of digestion. These studies demonstrate that 12 h pepsin digest of pig lung dECM provides an optimal balance between desirable physical ECM hydrogel properties and effects on lung cell behaviors.
| S-EPMC7310225 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The susceptibility of a dietary protein to proteolytic degradation by digestive enzymes, such as gastric pepsin, provides information on the likelihood of systemic exposure to a structurally intact and biologically active macromolecule, thus informing on the safety of proteins for human and animal consumption. Therefore, the purpose of standardized in vitro degradation studies that are performed during protein safety assessments is to distinguish whether proteins of interest are susceptible or resistant to pepsin degradation via a study design that enables study-to-study comparison. Attempting to assess pepsin degradation under a wide-range of possible physiological conditions poses a problem because of the lack of robust and consistent data collected under a large-range of sub-optimal conditions, which undermines the needs to harmonize in vitro degradation conditions. This report systematically compares the effects of pH, incubation time, and pepsin-to-substrate protein ratio on the relative degradation of five dietary proteins: three pepsin susceptible proteins [ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), hemoglobin (Hb)], and two pepsin resistant proteins [lipid transfer protein (LTP) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI)]. The results indicate that proteins susceptible to pepsin degradation are readily distinguishable from pepsin-resistant proteins when the reaction conditions are within the well-characterized optima for pepsin. The current standardized in vitro pepsin resistant assay with low pH and high pepsin-to-substrate ratio fits this purpose. Using non-optimal pH and/or pepsin-to-substrate protein ratios resulted in susceptible proteins no longer being reliably degraded by this stomach enzyme, which compromises the ability of this in vitro assay to distinguish between resistant and susceptible proteins and, therefore, no longer providing useful data to an overall weight-of-evidence approach to assessing safety of proteins.
| S-EPMC5312868 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study aims to clarify the effects of chicken liver hydrolysates (CLHs) on long-term high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance (IR) and hepatosteatosis in mice. In vitro, the 400 μM oleic acid (OA)-added medium successfully stimulated the cellular steatosis on FL83B cells, and the cellular steatosis was attenuated ( p < 0.05) by supplementing with CLHs (4 mg/L). In vivo, the effects of CLHs on IR and hepatosteatosis development were tested in 20-week HFD-fed mice. HFD-induced increases in final body weight, but body weight gains of mice were decreased ( p < 0.05) by supplementing CLHs. Elevated ( p < 0.05) serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), free fatty acids (FFAs), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and fasted glucose values in HFD-fed mice decreased ( p < 0.05) by supplementing CLHs. Both results of hepatic steatosis and fibrotic scores also indicated the retardation ( p < 0.05) of the hepatosteatosis in cotreated groups. Moreover, the CLH supplementation sustained ( p < 0.05) hepatic and peripheral insulin signal sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. CLH supplementation could ameliorate hepatic lipid deposition, hepatic/peripheral IR in a long-term high-fat dietary habit, and also improve the universal glucose homeostasis by upregulating hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivities.
| S-EPMC9261818 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPeptidase family A1, to which pepsin belongs, had been assumed to be restricted to eukaryotes. The tertiary structure of pepsin shows two lobes with similar folds and it has been suggested that the gene has arisen from an ancient duplication and fusion event. The only sequence similarity between the lobes is restricted to the motif around the active site aspartate and a hydrophobic-hydrophobic-Gly motif. Together, these contribute to an essential structural feature known as a psi-loop. There is one such psi-loop in each lobe, and so each lobe presents an active Asp. The human immunodeficiency virus peptidase, retropepsin, from peptidase family A2 also has a similar fold but consists of one lobe only and has to dimerize to be active. All known members of family A1 show the bilobed structure, but it is unclear if the ancestor of family A1 was similar to an A2 peptidase, or if the ancestral retropepsin was derived from a half-pepsin gene. The presence of a pepsin homologue in a prokaryote might give insights into the evolution of the pepsin family.ResultsHomologues of the aspartic peptidase pepsin have been found in the completed genomic sequences from seven species of bacteria. The bacterial homologues, unlike those from eukaryotes, do not possess signal peptides, and would therefore be intracellular acting at neutral pH. The bacterial homologues have Thr218 replaced by Asp, a change which in renin has been shown to confer activity at neutral pH. No pepsin homologues could be detected in any archaean genome.ConclusionThe peptidase family A1 is found in some species of bacteria as well as eukaryotes. The bacterial homologues fall into two groups, one from oceanic bacteria and one from plant symbionts. The bacterial homologues are all predicted to be intracellular proteins, unlike the eukaryotic enzymes. The bacterial homologues are bilobed like pepsin, implying that if no horizontal gene transfer has occurred the duplication and fusion event might be very ancient indeed, preceding the divergence of bacteria and eukaryotes. It is unclear whether all the bacterial homologues are derived from horizontal gene transfer, but those from the plant symbionts probably are. The homologues from oceanic bacteria are most closely related to memapsins (or BACE-1 and BACE-2), but are so divergent that they are close to the root of the phylogenetic tree and to the division of the A1 family into two subfamilies.
| S-EPMC2761423 | biostudies-literature
Project description:By incubation of pepsinogen with pepstatin at pH2.5, the first 'active' protein generated on activation is trapped in an inactive complex. The first activation peptide liberated has been identified as residues 1-16 from the pepsinogen sequence. This suggests a sequential mechanism rather than a one-step formation of pepsin.
| S-EPMC1172551 | biostudies-other
Project description:Despite widespread use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) continues to rise. PPIs reduce reflux acidity, but only transiently inactivate gastric enzymes. Nonacid reflux, specifically nonacid pepsin, contributes to carcinogenesis in the larynx. Given the carcinogenic potential of pepsin and inefficacy of PPIs to prevent EAC, the presence and effect of pepsin in the esophagus should be investigated.Normal and Barrett's biopsies from 8 Barrett's esophagus patients were collected for pepsin analysis via Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Human esophageal cells cultured from healthy patients were treated with pepsin (0.01-1 mg/mL; 1-20 hours), acid (pH 4)±pepsin (5 minutes); real-time RT-PCR, ELISA, and cell migration were assayed.Pepsin was detected in all 8 Barrett's and 4 of 8 adjacent normal specimens. Pepsinogen mRNA was observed in 22 Barrett's, but not in normal adjacent samples. Pepsin induced PTSG2 (COX-2) and IL-1? expression and cell migration in vitro.Pepsin is synthesized by metaplastic, Barrett's esophageal mucosa. Nonacid pepsin increases metrics of tumorigenicity in esophageal epithelial cells in vitro. These findings implicate refluxed and locally synthesized pepsin in development and progression of EAC and, in part, explain the inefficacy of PPIs in the prevention of EAC.
| S-EPMC4750403 | biostudies-literature