Arterio-venous differences of choline and choline lipids across the brain of rat and rabbit.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Spanner S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1172684 | biostudies-other | 1976 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) with a time-of-flight analyzer was used to characterize the distribution of lipid molecular species in the brain of rats in two injury models. Ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat brain after bilateral occlusion of the carotid artery altered appearance of the phospholipids present in the hippocampal region, specifically the CA1 region. These brain regions also had a large increase in the ion abundance at m/z 548.5 and collisional activation supported identification of this ion as arising from ceramide (d18:1/18:0), a lipid known to be associated with cellular apoptosis. Traumatic brain injury model in the rat was examined by MALDI IMS and the area of damage also showed an increase in ceramide (d18:1/18:0) and a remarkable loss of signal for the potassium adduct of the most abundant phosphocholine molecular species 16:0/18:1 (PC) with a corresponding increase in the sodium adduct ion. This change in PC alkali attachment ion was suggested to be a result of edema and influx of extracellular fluid likely through a loss of Na/K-ATPase caused by the injury. These studies reveal the value of MALDI IMS to examine tissues for changes in lipid biochemistry and will provide data needed to eventually understand the biochemical mechanisms relevant to tissue injury.
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Project description:1. Four-week-old male and female rats were given choline-deficient diets for 2 weeks. Deficient animals gained nearly as much weight as normal controls of the same sex. 2. The amounts of triglyceride and esterified cholesterol in liver lipids were increased threefold or more by the deficiency. The amounts of the major phosphatides and of unesterified cholesterol were unaffected. 3. In males, deficiency significantly increased the proportion of stearic acid in triglycerides, and, in females, the proportion of arachidonic acid was significantly decreased. 4. In the phospholipids of male rats, choline deficiency produced decreases in the amounts of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and increased the amount of stearic acid. In the phospholipids of female rats, choline deficiency decreased the amount of arachidonic acid and increased that of linoleic acid. 5. The liver phospholipids of normal male rats had higher proportions of palmitic acid and lower proportions of stearic acid than were found in normal females. These sex differences became statistically insignificant in deficient animals.
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Project description:Chemical neurotransmitters (such as dopamine) modulate cognitive function via ascending projections to various cortical and sub-cortical brain regions. This report describes and links to a relatively large dataset (up to N = 112) compiled from control (untreated) brain samples taken during a series of experimental in vivo studies. The dataset is freely available, to explore the normal interrelationships between levels of neurotransmitter (e.g., dopamine, serotonin), across brain regions implicated in both normal reward and drug addiction, as well as in disorders such as schizophrenia (e.g., nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex). Most experimental studies run with a relatively small control group, so there is a lack of baseline data on the expected levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in different brain regions. Accordingly, the available dataset has been compiled from a number of studies run in the same laboratory, and using closely similar behavioural procedures, sampling selected brain regions of a priori interest. These collated data can be used to explore differences in the distribution of the monoamines and their metabolites, patterns of neurotransmitter intercorrelations, both between and within different brain structures and including some consideration of laterality effects.
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Project description:Microglia are the resident immune cells within the brain and their production of immune molecules such as cytokines and chemokines is critical for the processes of normal brain development including neurogenesis, axonal migration, synapse formation, and programmed cell death. Notably, sex differences exist in many of these processes throughout brain development; however, it is unknown whether a sex difference concurrently exists in the colonization, number, or morphology of microglia within the developing brain. We demonstrate for the first time that the number and morphology of microglia throughout development is dependent upon the sex and age of the individual, as well as the brain region of interest. Males have overall more microglia early in postnatal development [postnatal day (P) 4], whereas females have more microglia with an activated/amoeboid morphology later in development, as juveniles and adults (P30-60). Finally, gene expression of a large number of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors shifts dramatically over development, and is highly dependent upon sex. Taken together, these data warrant further research into the role that sex-dependent mechanisms may play in microglial colonization, number, and function, and their potential contribution to neural development, function, or potential dysfunction.
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Project description:Transcriptomic and lipidomic profiling of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues in 15 vertebrates
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Project description:1. Labelled precursors of choline, namely ethanolamine, dimethylaminoethanol and methionine and also labelled choline itself were injected intraperitoneally into the adult female rat and the incorporation into lipids and water-soluble fractions was traced in liver, blood and brain. 2. No significant free choline was detected and no labelling of the phosphorylcholine of blood. There was, however, considerable labelling of the phosphorylcholine of brain and liver. 3. After intracerebral injection, [1,2-(14)C]dimethylaminoethanol was rapidly phosphorylated and converted into phosphatidyldimethylaminoethanol, presumably by the cytidine pathway. 4. In view of the pattern of labelling and the amount of phosphatidylcholine in the tissues examined, it seems highly likely that choline is transported to the brain by the blood in a lipid-bound form.
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Project description:RATIONALE:Ventricular enlargement is a robust phenotype of the chronically dependent alcoholic human brain, yet the mechanism of ventriculomegaly is unestablished. Heterogeneous stock Wistar rats administered binge EtOH (3 g/kg intragastrically every 8 h for 4 days to average blood alcohol levels (BALs) of 250 mg/dL) demonstrate profound but reversible ventricular enlargement and changes in brain metabolites (e.g., N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline-containing compounds (Cho)). OBJECTIVES:Here, alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats systematically bred from heterogeneous stock Wistar rats for differential alcohol drinking behavior were compared with Wistar rats to determine whether genetic divergence and consequent morphological and neurochemical variation affect the brain's response to binge EtOH treatment. METHODS:The three rat lines were dosed equivalently and approached similar BALs. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy evaluated the effects of binge EtOH on brain. RESULTS:As observed in Wistar rats, P and NP rats showed decreases in NAA. Neither P nor NP rats, however, responded to EtOH intoxication with ventricular expansion or increases in Cho levels as previously noted in Wistar rats. Increases in ventricular volume correlated with increases in Cho in Wistar rats. CONCLUSIONS:The latter finding suggests that ventricular volume expansion is related to adaptive changes in brain cell membranes in response to binge EtOH. That P and NP rats responded differently to EtOH argues for intrinsic differences in their brain cell membrane composition. Further, differential metabolite responses to EtOH administration by rat strain implicate selective genetic variation as underlying heterogeneous effects of chronic alcoholism in the human condition.
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Project description:The rat high-impact free weight drop model mimics the diffuse axonal injury caused by severe traumatic brain injury in humans, while severe controlled cortical impact can produce a severe traumatic brain injury model using precise strike parameters. In this study, we compare the pathological mechanisms and pathological changes between two rat severe brain injury models to identify the similarities and differences. The severe controlled cortical impact model was produced by an electronic controlled cortical impact device, while the severe free weight drop model was produced by dropping a 500 g free weight from a height of 1.8 m through a plastic tube. Body temperature and mortality were recorded, and neurological deficits were assessed with the modified neurological severity score. Brain edema and blood-brain barrier damage were evaluated by assessing brain water content and Evans blue extravasation. In addition, a cytokine array kit was used to detect inflammatory cytokines. Neuronal apoptosis in the brain and brainstem was quantified by immunofluorescence staining. Both the severe controlled cortical impact and severe free weight drop models exhibited significant neurological impairments and body temperature fluctuations. More severe motor dysfunction was observed in the severe controlled cortical impact model, while more severe cognitive dysfunction was observed in the severe free weight drop model. Brain edema, inflammatory cytokine changes and cortical neuronal apoptosis were more substantial and blood-brain barrier damage was more focal in the severe controlled cortical impact group compared with the severe free weight drop group. The severe free weight drop model presented with more significant apoptosis in the brainstem and diffused blood-brain barrier damage, with higher mortality and lower repeatability compared with the severe controlled cortical impact group. Severe brainstem damage was not found in the severe controlled cortical impact model. These results indicate that the severe controlled cortical impact model is relatively more stable, more reproducible, and shows obvious cerebral pathological changes at an earlier stage. Therefore, the severe controlled cortical impact model is likely more suitable for studies on severe focal traumatic brain injury, while the severe free weight drop model may be more apt for studies on diffuse axonal injury. All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Experiments of Tianjin Medical University, China (approval No. IRB2012-028-02) in February 2012.
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Project description:Arteries and veins modulate cardiovascular homeostasis and contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Functional differences between normal arteries and veins are based upon differences in gene expression. To better characterize these expression patterns, and to identify candidate genes that could be manipulated selectively in the venous system, we performed whole genome expression profiling of rat arteries and veins using the CodeLink platform. We used the major artery and vein of the rat, the thoracic aorta and caudal vena cava, respectively. Expression of mRNA for thrombospondins (TSP-1, 2, 4) was greater than 5-fold higher in veins vs arteries. The most prominent gene expression difference between the normal aorta and vena cava was pancreatitis associated protein (PAP1), a protein with anti-inflammatory functions that was 64-fold higher in vena cava vs aorta. Higher mRNA expression of TSP-1, TSP-2, TSP-4 and PAP1 in vena cava vs aorta was confirmed with real time RT-PCR. Importantly, immunohistochemical analysis of blood vessels sections qualitatively confirmed a higher expression of proteins in vena cava vs aorta. These studies report a difference in inflammatory genes in arteries vs veins. A particularly notable finding is the discovery of PAP1 mRNA and protein expression in peripheral blood vessels with a substantially higher expression in the veins. Data from these studies may provide novel insights into the genetic basis for functional differences between arteries and veins in health and disease. Whole genome expression profiling of aorta and vena cava whole tissues from normal male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 biological replicates each) was performed using the CodeLink Rat Whole Genome Bioarrays.
2009-07-13 | E-GEOD-12255 | biostudies-arrayexpress
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