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S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from human prostate. Activation by putrescine.

ABSTRACT: 1. The presence of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in human prostate gland is reported. A satisfactory radiochemical enzymic assay was developed and the enzyme was partially characterized. 2. Putrescine stimulates the reaction rate by up to 6-fold at pH7.5: the apparent activation constant was estimated to be 0.13mm. The stimulation is pH-dependent and a maximal effect is observed at acid pH values. 3. Putrescine activation is rather specific: other polyamines, such as spermidine and spermine, did not show any appreciable effect. 4. The apparent K(m) for the substrate is 4x10(-5)m. The calculated S-adenosylmethionine content of human prostate (0.18mumol/g wet wt. of tissue) demonstrates that the cellular amounts of sulphonium compound are saturating with respect to the enzyme. 5. The enzyme is moderately stable at 0 degrees C and is rapidly inactivated at 40 degrees C. The optimum pH is about 7.5, with one-half of the maximal activity occurring at pH6.6. 6. Several carboxy-(14)C-labelled analogues and derivatives of S-adenosylmethionine were tested as substrates. The enzyme appears to be highly specific: the replacement of the 6'-amino group of the sulphonium compound alone results in a complete loss of activity. 7. Inhibition of the enzyme activity by several carbonyl reagents suggests an involvement of either pyridoxal phosphate or pyruvate in the catalytic process. 8. The inhibitory effect of thiol reagents indicates the presence of ;essential' thiol groups.

SUBMITTER: Zappia V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1174172 | biostudies-other | 1972 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Structural basis for putrescine activation of human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.

Project description:Putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) activates the autoprocessing and decarboxylation reactions of human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), a critical enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. In human AdoMetDC, putrescine binds in a buried pocket containing acidic residues Asp174, Glu178, and Glu256. The pocket is away from the active site but near the dimer interface; however, a series of hydrophilic residues connect the putrescine binding site and the active site. Mutation of these acidic residues modulates the effects of putrescine. D174N, E178Q, and E256Q mutants were expressed and dialyzed to remove putrescine and studied biochemically using X-ray crystallography, UV-CD spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, and ITC binding studies. The results show that the binding of putrescine to the wild type dimeric protein is cooperative. The D174N mutant does not bind putrescine, and the E178Q and E256Q mutants bind putrescine weakly with no cooperativity. The crystal structure of the mutants with and without putrescine and their complexes with S-adenosylmethionine methyl ester were obtained. Binding of putrescine results in a reorganization of four aromatic residues (Phe285, Phe315, Tyr318, and Phe320) and a conformational change in the loop 312-320. The loop shields putrescine from the external solvent, enhancing its electrostatic and hydrogen bonding effects. The E256Q mutant with putrescine added shows an alternate conformation of His243, Glu11, Lys80, and Ser229, the residues that link the active site and the putrescine binding site, suggesting that putrescine activates the enzyme through electrostatic effects and acts as a switch to correctly orient key catalytic residues.

| S-EPMC2646671 | biostudies-literature

Effect of putrescine on the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.

Project description:The synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) decarboxylase was studied by translating the rat prostate mRNA for this enzyme in a reticulocyte lysate. The protein was formed as a precursor of Mr 37,000, which was converted into the enzyme subunit of Mr 32,000 in the lysates. The presence of putrescine had no effect on the synthesis of the precursor of AdoMet decarboxylase, but accelerated its conversion into the enzyme subunit. Spermidine, spermine, decarboxylated AdoMet, AdoMet and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) were not able to substitute for putrescine in this effect. These results indicate that, in addition to its direct activation of mammalian AdoMet decarboxylase, putrescine could increase the amount of the enzyme by increasing its production.

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Crenarchaeal arginine decarboxylase evolved from an S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase enzyme.

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Structural biology of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.

Project description:S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is a critical enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and a subject of many structural and biochemical investigations for anti-cancer and anti-parasitic therapy. The enzyme undergoes an internal serinolysis reaction as a post-translational modification to generate the active site pyruvoyl group for the decarboxylation process. The crystal structures of AdoMetDC from Homo sapiens, Solanum tuberosum, Thermotoga maritima, and Aquifex aeolicus have been determined. Numerous crystal structures of human AdoMetDC and mutants have provided insights into the mechanism of autoprocessing, putrescine activation, substrate specificity, and inhibitor design to the enzyme. The comparison of the human and potato enzyme with the T. maritima and A. aeolicus enzymes supports the hypothesis that the eukaryotic enzymes evolved by gene duplication and fusion. The residues implicated in processing and activity are structurally conserved in all forms of the enzyme, suggesting a divergent evolution of AdoMetDC.

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Novel S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis.

Project description:Trypanosomiasis remains a significant disease across the sub-Saharan African continent, with 50,000 to 70,000 individuals infected. The utility of current therapies is limited by issues of toxicity and the need to administer compounds intravenously. We have begun a program to pursue lead optimization around MDL 73811, an irreversible inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC). This compound is potent but in previous studies cleared rapidly from the blood of rats (T. L. Byers, T. L. Bush, P. P. McCann, and A. J. Bitonti, Biochem. J. 274:527-533). One of the analogs synthesized (Genz-644131) was shown to be highly active against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration, 400 pg/ml). Enzyme kinetic studies showed Genz-644131 to be approximately fivefold more potent than MDL 73811 against the T. brucei brucei AdoMetDC-prozyme complex. This compound was stable in vitro in rat and human liver microsomal and hepatocyte assays, was stable in rat whole-blood assays, did not significantly inhibit human cytochrome P450 enzymes, had no measurable efflux in CaCo-2 cells, and was only 41% bound by serum proteins. Pharmacokinetic studies of mice following intraperitoneal dosing showed that the half-life of Genz-644131 was threefold greater than that of MDL 73811 (7.4 h versus 2.5 h). Furthermore, brain penetration of Genz-644131 was 4.3-fold higher than that of MDL 73811. Finally, in vivo efficacy studies of T. b. brucei strain STIB 795-infected mice showed that Genz-644131 significantly extended survival (from 6.75 days for controls to >30 days for treated animals) and cured animals infected with T. b. brucei strain LAB 110 EATRO. Taken together, the data strengthen validation of AdoMetDC as an important parasite target, and these studies have shown that analogs of MDL 73811 can be synthesized with improved potency and brain penetration.

| S-EPMC2681509 | biostudies-literature

S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase overexpression inhibits mouse skin tumor promotion.

Project description:Neoplastic growth is associated with increased polyamine biosynthetic activity and content. Tumor promoter treatment induces the rate-limiting enzymes in polyamine biosynthesis, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), and targeted ODC overexpression is sufficient for tumor promotion in initiated mouse skin. We generated a mouse model with doxycycline (Dox)-regulated AdoMetDC expression to determine the impact of this second rate-limiting enzyme on epithelial carcinogenesis. TetO-AdoMetDC (TAMD) transgenic founders were crossed with transgenic mice (K5-tTA) that express the tetracycline-regulated transcriptional activator within basal keratinocytes of the skin. Transgene expression in TAMD/K5-tTA mice was restricted to keratin 5 (K5) target tissues and silenced upon Dox treatment. AdoMetDC activity and its product, decarboxylated AdoMet, both increased approximately 8-fold in the skin. This enabled a redistribution of the polyamines that led to reduced putrescine, increased spermine, and an elevated spermine:spermidine ratio. Given the positive association between polyamine biosynthetic capacity and neoplastic growth, it was somewhat surprising to find that TAMD/K5-tTA mice developed significantly fewer tumors than controls in response to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate chemical carcinogenesis. Importantly, tumor counts in TAMD/K5-tTA mice rebounded to nearly equal the levels in the control group upon Dox-mediated transgene silencing at a late stage of tumor promotion, which indicates that latent viable initiated cells remain in AdoMetDC-expressing skin. These results underscore the complexity of polyamine modulation of tumor development and emphasize the critical role of putrescine in tumor promotion. AdoMetDC-expressing mice will enable more refined spatial and temporal manipulation of polyamine biosynthesis during tumorigenesis and in other models of human disease.

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Overproduction of cardiac S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in transgenic mice.

Project description:The present study was designed to provide a better understanding of the role played by AdoMetDC (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase), the key rate-controlling enzyme in the synthesis of spermidine and spermine, in controlling polyamine levels and the importance of polyamines in cardiac physiology. The alphaMHC (alpha-myosin heavy chain) promoter was used to generate transgenic mice with cardiac-specific expression of AdoMetDC. A founder line (alphaMHC/AdoMetDC) was established with a >100-fold increase in AdoMetDC activity in the heart. Transgene expression was maximal by 1 week of age and remained constant into adulthood. However, the changes in polyamine levels were most pronounced during the first week of age, with a 2-fold decrease in putrescine and spermidine and a 2-fold increase in spermine. At later times, spermine returned to near control levels, whereas putrescine and spermidine levels remained lower, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms exist to limit spermine accumulation. The alphaMHC/AdoMetDC mice did not display an overt cardiac phenotype, but there was an increased cardiac hypertrophy after beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoprenaline ('isoproterenol'), as well as a small increase in spermine content. Crosses of the alphaMHC/AdoMetDC with alphaMHC/ornithine decarboxylase mice that have a >1000-fold increase in cardiac ornithine decarboxylase were lethal in utero, presumably due to increase in spermine to toxic levels. These findings suggest that cardiac spermine levels are highly regulated to avoid polyamine-induced toxicity and that homoeostatic mechanisms can maintain non-toxic levels even when one enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway is greatly elevated but are unable to do so when two biosynthetic enzymes are increased.

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Trypanosoma brucei S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase N terminus is essential for allosteric activation by the regulatory subunit prozyme.

Project description:Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei. Polyamine biosynthesis is a clinically validated target for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Metabolic differences between the parasite and the human polyamine pathway are thought to contribute to species selectivity of pathway inhibitors. S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) catalyzes a key step in the production of the polyamine spermidine. We previously showed that trypanosomatid AdoMetDC differs from other eukaryotic enzymes in that it is regulated by heterodimer formation with a catalytically dead paralog, designated prozyme, which binds with high affinity to the enzyme and increases its activity by up to 10(3)-fold. Herein, we examine the role of specific residues involved in AdoMetDC activation by prozyme through deletion and site-directed mutagenesis. Results indicate that 12 key amino acids at the N terminus of AdoMetDC are essential for prozyme-mediated activation with Leu-8, Leu-10, Met-11, and Met-13 identified as the key residues. These N-terminal residues are fully conserved in the trypanosomatids but are absent from other eukaryotic homologs lacking the prozyme mechanism, suggesting co-evolution of these residues with the prozyme mechanism. Heterodimer formation between AdoMetDC and prozyme was not impaired by mutation of Leu-8 and Leu-10 to Ala, suggesting that these residues are involved in a conformational change that is essential for activation. Our findings provide the first insight into the mechanisms that influence catalytic regulation of AdoMetDC and may have potential implications for the development of new inhibitors against this enzyme.

| S-EPMC3576127 | biostudies-literature

Role of the sulfonium center in determining the ligand specificity of human s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.

Project description:S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is a key enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Inhibition of this pathway and subsequent depletion of polyamine levels is a viable strategy for cancer chemotherapy and for the treatment of parasitic diseases. Substrate analogue inhibitors display an absolute requirement for a positive charge at the position equivalent to the sulfonium of S-adenosylmethionine. We investigated the ligand specificity of AdoMetDC through crystallography, quantum chemical calculations, and stopped-flow experiments. We determined crystal structures of the enzyme cocrystallized with 5'-deoxy-5'-dimethylthioadenosine and 5'-deoxy-5'-(N-dimethyl)amino-8-methyladenosine. The crystal structures revealed a favorable cation-pi interaction between the ligand and the aromatic side chains of Phe7 and Phe223. The estimated stabilization from this interaction is 4.5 kcal/mol as determined by quantum chemical calculations. Stopped-flow kinetic experiments showed that the rate of the substrate binding to the enzyme greatly depends on Phe7 and Phe223, thus supporting the importance of the cation-pi interaction.

| S-EPMC2730737 | biostudies-literature

New insights into the design of inhibitors of human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase: studies of adenine C8 substitution in structural analogues of S-adenosylmethionine.

Project description:S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is a critical enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and depends on a pyruvoyl group for the decarboxylation process. The crystal structures of the enzyme with various inhibitors at the active site have shown that the adenine base of the ligands adopts an unusual syn conformation when bound to the enzyme. To determine whether compounds that favor the syn conformation in solution would be more potent AdoMetDC inhibitors, several series of AdoMet substrate analogues with a variety of substituents at the 8-position of adenine were synthesized and analyzed for their ability to inhibit hAdoMetDC. The biochemical analysis indicated that an 8-methyl substituent resulted in more potent inhibitors, yet most other 8-substitutions provided no benefit over the parent compound. To understand these results, we used computational modeling and X-ray crystallography to study C(8)-substituted adenine analogues bound in the active site.

| S-EPMC2652407 | biostudies-literature

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