Some aspects of carnitine metabolism in avocado (Persea americana) (Short Communication).
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Panter RA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1177855 | biostudies-other | 1973 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Pollination is limiting for avocado production. We examined whether adding bumblebees (BBs; ca. 10 hives/ha) to conventional honeybees (HB; 5 hives/ha) would improve 'Hass' avocado pollination and yields. A preliminary trial (2017/18) in an avocado orchard with four consecutive rows of 'Hass' followed by one row of 'Ettinger' serving as a pollenizer (20% 'Ettinger') showed a considerable increase in 'Hass' yield in rows adjacent to (up to 80 m from) the BB hives vs. distant rows (=controls). In 2018/19, the trials were extended to three additional orchards. A significant yield increase was obtained in the BB hive-adjacent trees compared to BB hive-distant ones. Similar results were obtained in 2019/20, in experiments conducted throughout the country. The SNP analysis, to determine the parents of 'Hass' fruit at varying distances from the BB hives, showed no differences in the cross-pollination rate ('Hass' × 'Ettinger'). However, pollination rates and the number of germinating pollen grains per stigma decreased with distance from the hives, and correlated to the negative gradient in yield. Taken together, our data suggest that adding BB hives to 'Hass' avocado orchards, at ca. 10 hives/ha resulting in 0.5-1.0 BB visits/tree per min, increases pollination and, accordingly, total yield.
| S-EPMC8309347 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. Carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) activity in sheep liver mitochondria was 76nmol/min per mg of protein, in contrast with 1.7 for rat liver mitochondria. The activity in bovine liver mitochondria was comparable with that of sheep liver mitochondria. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was the same in both sheep and rat liver mitochondria. 2. The [free carnitine]/[acetylcarnitine] ratio in sheep liver ranged from 6:1 for animals fed ad libitum on lucerne to approx. 1:1 for animals grazed on open pastures. This change in ratio appeared to reflect the ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid produced in the rumen of the sheep under the two dietary conditions. 3. In sheep starved for 7 days the [free carnitine]/[acetylcarnitine] ratio in the liver was 0.46:1. The increase in acetylcarnitine on starvation was not at the expense of free carnitine, as the amounts of free carnitine and total acid-soluble carnitine rose approximately fivefold on starvation. An even more dramatic increase in total acid-soluble carnitine of the liver was seen in an alloxan-diabetic sheep. 4. The [free CoA]/[acetyl-CoA] ratio in the liver ranged from 1:1 in the sheep fed on lucerne to 0.34:1 for animals starved for 7 days. 5. The importance of carnitine acetyltransferase in sheep liver and its role in relieving ;acetyl pressure' on the CoA system is discussed.
| S-EPMC1179318 | biostudies-other
Project description:Grafting is typically utilized to merge adapted seedling rootstocks with highly productive clonal scions. This process implies the interaction of multiple genomes to produce a unique tree phenotype. However, the interconnection of both genotypes obscures individual contributions to phenotypic variation (rootstock-mediated heritability), hampering tree breeding. Therefore, our goal was to quantify the inheritance of seedling rootstock effects on scion traits using avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass as a model fruit tree. We characterized 240 diverse rootstocks from 8 avocado cv. Hass orchards with similar management in three regions of the province of Antioquia, northwest Andes of Colombia, using 13 microsatellite markers simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Parallel to this, we recorded 20 phenotypic traits (including morphological, biomass/reproductive, and fruit yield and quality traits) in the scions for 3 years (2015–2017). Relatedness among rootstocks was inferred through the genetic markers and inputted in a “genetic prediction” model to calculate narrow-sense heritabilities (h2) on scion traits. We used three different randomization tests to highlight traits with consistently significant heritability estimates. This strategy allowed us to capture five traits with significant heritability values that ranged from 0.33 to 0.45 and model fits (r) that oscillated between 0.58 and 0.73 across orchards. The results showed significance in the rootstock effects for four complex harvest and quality traits (i.e., total number of fruits, number of fruits with exportation quality, and number of fruits discarded because of low weight or thrips damage), whereas the only morphological trait that had a significant heritability value was overall trunk height (an emergent property of the rootstock–scion interaction). These findings suggest the inheritance of rootstock effects, beyond root phenotype, on a surprisingly wide spectrum of scion traits in “Hass” avocado. They also reinforce the utility of polymorphic SSRs for relatedness reconstruction and genetic prediction of complex traits. This research is, up to date, the most cohesive evidence of narrow-sense inheritance of rootstock effects in a tropical fruit tree crop. Ultimately, our work highlights the importance of considering the rootstock–scion interaction to broaden the genetic basis of fruit tree breeding programs while enhancing our understanding of the consequences of grafting.
| S-EPMC7785968 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDiscovering a genome-wide set of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) single nucleotide polymorphisms and characterizing the diversity of germplasm collection is a powerful tool for breeding. However, discovery is a costly process, due to loss of loci that are proven to be non-informative when genotyping the germplasm.ResultsOur study on a collection of 100 accessions comprised the three race types, Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. To increase the chances of discovering polymorphic loci, three pools of genomic DNA, one from each race, were sequenced and the reads were aligned to a reference transcriptome. In total, 507,917 polymorphic loci were identified in the entire collection. Of these, 345,617 were observed in all three pools, 117,692 in two pools, 44,552 in one of the pools, and only 56 (0.0001%) were homozygous in the three pools but for different alleles. The polymorphic loci were validated using 192 randomly selected SNPs by genotyping the accessions within each pool. The sensitivity of polymorphic locus prediction ranged from 0.77 to 0.94. The correlation between the allele frequency estimated from the pooled sequences and actual allele frequency from genotype calling of individual accessions was r = 0.8. A subset of 109 SNPs were then used to evaluate the genetic relationships among avocado accessions and the genetic diversity of the collection. The three races were distinctly clustered by projecting the genetic variation on a PCA plot. As expected, by estimating the kinship coefficient for all the accessions, many of the cultivars from the California breeding program were closely related to each other, especially, the Hass-like ones. The green-skin avocados, e.g., 'Bacon', 'Zutano', 'Ettinger' and 'Fuerte' were also closely related to each other.ConclusionsA framework for SNP discovery and genetically characterizing of a breeder's accessions was described. Sequencing pools of gDNA is a cost-effective approach to create a genome-wide stock of polymorphic loci for a breeding program. Reassessing the botanical and the genetic knowledge about the germplasm accessions is valuable for future breeding. Kinship analysis may be used as a first step in finding a parental candidates in a parentage analyses.
| S-EPMC6521498 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Avocado oil is prized for its high nutritional value due to the substantial amounts of triglycerides (TGs) and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) present. While avocado oil is traditionally extracted from mature fruit flesh, alternative sources such as avocado seed oil have recently increased in popularity. Unfortunately, sufficient evidence is not available to support the claimed health benefit and safe use of such oils. To address potential quality issues and identify possible adulteration, authenticated avocado oils extracted from the fruit peel, pulp and seed by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), as well as commercial avocado pulp and seed oils sold in US market were analyzed for TGs and FAs in the present study. Characterization and quantification of TGs were conducted using UHPLC/ESI-MS. Thirteen TGs containing saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in avocado oils were unambiguously identified. Compared to traditional analytical methods, which are based only on the relative areas of chromatographic peaks neglecting the differences in the relative response of individual TG, our method improved the quantification of TGs by using the reference standards whenever possible or the reference standards with the same equivalent carbon number (ECN). To verify the precision and accuracy of the UHPLC/ESI-MS method, the hydrolysis and transesterification products of avocado oil were analyzed for fatty acid methyl esters using a GC/MS method. The concentrations of individual FA were calculated, and the results agreed with the UHPLC/ESI-MS method. Although chemical profiles of avocado oils from pulp and peel are very similar, a significant difference was observed for the seed oil. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on TG and FA compositional data allowed correct identification of individual avocado oil and detection of possible adulteration.
| S-EPMC7145317 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The debate on the origin and evolution of flowers has recently entered the field of developmental genetics, with focus on the design of the ancestral floral regulatory program. Flowers can differ dramatically among angiosperm lineages, but in general, male and female reproductive organs surrounded by a sterile perianth of sepals and petals constitute the basic floral structure. However, the basal angiosperm lineages exhibit spectacular diversity in the number, arrangement, and structure of floral organs, whereas the evolutionarily derived monocot and eudicot lineages share a far more uniform floral ground plan. Here we show that broadly overlapping transcriptional programs characterize the floral transcriptome of the basal angiosperm Persea americana (avocado), whereas floral gene expression domains are considerably more organ specific in the model eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana. Our findings therefore support the "fading borders" model for organ identity determination in basal angiosperm flowers and extend it from the action of regulatory genes to downstream transcriptional programs. Furthermore, the declining expression of components of the staminal transcriptome in central and peripheral regions of Persea flowers concurs with elements of a previous hypothesis for developmental regulation in a gymnosperm "floral progenitor." Accordingly, in contrast to the canalized organ-specific regulatory apparatus of Arabidopsis, floral development may have been originally regulated by overlapping transcriptional cascades with fading gradients of influence from focal to bordering organs.
| S-EPMC2683881 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Modern crop breeding is based on the use of genetically and phenotypically diverse plant material and, consequently, a proper understanding of population structure and genetic diversity is essential for the effective development of breeding programs. An example is avocado, a woody perennial fruit crop native to Mesoamerica with an increasing popularity worldwide. Despite its commercial success, there are important gaps in the molecular tools available to support on-going avocado breeding programs. In order to fill this gap, in this study, an avocado 'Hass' draft assembly was developed and used as reference to study 71 avocado accessions which represent the three traditionally recognized avocado horticultural races or subspecies (Mexican, Guatemalan and West Indian). An average of 5.72 M reads per individual and a total of 7,108 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were produced for the 71 accessions analyzed. These molecular markers were used in a study of genetic diversity and population structure. The results broadly separate the accessions studied according to their botanical race in four main groups: Mexican, Guatemalan, West Indian and an additional group of Guatemalan × Mexican hybrids. The high number of SNP markers developed in this study will be a useful genomic resource for the avocado community.
| S-EPMC6934854 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Avocado (Persea americana (Mill.)), an important commercial fruit, is severely affected by Phytophthora Root Rot in areas where the pathogen is prevalent. However, advances in molecular research are hindered by the lack of a high-throughput transient transformation system in this non-model plant. In this study, a proof-of-concept is demonstrated by the successful application of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated plant transformation to produce composite avocado plants. Two ex vitro strategies were assessed on two avocado genotypes (Itzamna and A0.74): In the first approach, 8-week-old etiolated seedlings were scarred with a sterile hacksaw blade at the base of the shoot, and in the second, inch-long incisions were made at the base of the shoot (20-week-old non-etiolated plants) with a sterile blade to remove the cortical tissue. The scarred/wounded shoot surfaces were treated with A. rhizogenes strains (K599 or ARqua1) transformed with or without binary plant transformation vectors pRedRootII (DsRed1 marker), pBYR2e1-GFP (GFP- green fluorescence protein marker) or pBINUbiGUSint (GUS- beta-glucuronidase marker) with and without rooting hormone (Dip 'N' Grow) application. The treated shoot regions were air-layered with sterile moist cocopeat to induce root formation. Results showed that hormone application significantly increased root induction, while Agrobacterium-only treatments resulted in very few roots. Combination treatments of hormone+Agrobacterium (-/+ plasmids) showed no significant difference. Only the ARqua1(+plasmid):A0.74 combination resulted in root transformants, with hormone+ARqua1(+pBINUbiGUSint) being the most effective treatment with ~17 and 25% composite plants resulting from strategy-1 and strategy-2, respectively. GUS- and GFP-expressing roots accounted for less than 4 and ~11%, respectively, of the total roots/treatment/avocado genotype. The average number of transgenic roots on the composite plants was less than one per plant in all treatments. PCR and Southern analysis further confirmed the transgenic nature of the roots expressing the screenable marker genes. Transgenic roots showed hyper-branching compared to the wild-type roots but this had no impact on Phytophthora cinnamomi infection. There was no difference in pathogen load 7-days-post inoculation between transformed and control roots. Strategy-2 involving A0.74:ARqua1 combination was the best ex vitro approach in producing composite avocado plants. The approach followed in this proof-of-concept study needs further optimisation involving multiple avocado genotypes and A. rhizogenes strains to achieve enhanced root transformation efficiencies, which would then serve as an effective high-throughput tool in the functional screening of host and pathogen genes to improve our understanding of the avocado-P. cinnamomi interaction.
| S-EPMC5650140 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PremiseProgeny of avocado (Persea americana) are highly variable due to high levels of heterozygosity. Breeding programs need molecular resources to allow the assessment of genetic differences and the selection of genotypes. Polymorphisms that uniquely identify different avocado cultivars provide a valuable tool to accelerate avocado research and development, including, for example, genotype selection.MethodsA double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) approach was used to screen 10 avocado cultivars for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The fragments were size selected with Blue Pippin and PCR using universal Illumina primers, and catalog tags were then created with de novo alignment using Stacks software. Catalog tags were tabulated and filtered to identify alleles unique to each cultivar.ResultsA total of 104 million sequences were collected, and 52 homozygous SNPs were identified that uniquely distinguished nine avocado cultivars. The cultivars Carmen Hass and Hass have a strong genetic similarity and no homozygous SNPs distinguishing these cultivars could be identified; therefore, both cultivars were grouped together.DiscussionThe resource described here for cultivars of P. americana presents a new and significant molecular resource that can enable targeted genotype selection, paternity analysis, germplasm genotyping, pollination dynamics investigation, and crop improvement.
| S-EPMC8272581 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The NADPH-linked 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier protein) (ACP) reductase (EC 1.1.1.100), also known as 'beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase', has been purified from the mesocarp of mature avocado pears (Persea americana). The enzyme is inactivated by low ionic strength and low temperature. On SDS/PAGE under reducing conditions, purified 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase migrated as a single polypeptide giving a molecular mass of 28 kDa. Gel-filtration chromatography gave an apparent native molecular mass of 130 kDa, suggesting that the enzyme is tetrameric. The enzyme is inactivated by dilution, but some protection is afforded by the presence of NADPH. Kinetic constants have been determined using synthetic analogues as well as the natural ACP substrate. It exhibits a broad pH optimum around neutrality. Phenylglyoxal inactivates the enzyme, and partial protection is given by 1 mM-NADPH. Antibodies have been raised against the protein, which were used to localize it using immunogold electron microscopy. It is localized in plastids. N-Terminal amino-acid-sequence analysis was performed on the enzyme, and it shows close structural similarity with cytochrome f. Internal amino-acid-sequence data, derived from tryptic peptides, shows similarity with the putative gene products encoded by the nodG gene from the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium meliloti and the gra III act III genes from Streptomyces spp.
| S-EPMC1149621 | biostudies-other