Metabolism of fatty acids by bovine spermatozoa.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Neill AR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1178598 | biostudies-other | 1972 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:1. Phosphatidylcholine was the predominant phospholipid in bovine corpora lutea; it accounted for about 50% of the total phospholipid phosphorus. Phosphatidylethanolamine (13%) and ethanolamine plasmalogen (8-9%) were the next two major components. 2. After incubation of the tissue with [(32)P]orthophosphate the total radioactivity and specific radioactivity of phosphatidylinositol were higher than those of any other lipid. 3. Luteinizing hormone failed to increase significantly the incorporation of [(32)P]orthophosphate into total phospholipids from luteal tissue slices, but did stimulate progesterone synthesis and lactate production. 4. The proportion of oleate (18:1) in the neutral lipids and phospholipids was higher than that of any other fatty acid. 5. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acid in the tissue lipids exceeded 60%, and almost half of this was polyunsaturated. Arachidonate (20:4), docosatetraenoate (22:4) and docosapentaenoate (22:5) were the principal polyunsaturated fatty acids. 6. After incubation of luteal tissue with [1-(14)C]acetate, the greatest proportion of radioactivity in the fatty acids isolated from the total lipid fraction was in palmitate (16:0) and docosatetraenoate (22:4). Polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for almost 50% of the (14)C radioactivity incorporated and this pattern was observed in phospholipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids.
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Project description:1. The effect of concentration on the oxidation and incorporation into lipids of lauric acid and linoleic acid by rings of rat small intestine has been studied in vitro. 2. In the absence of glucose, the oxidation of lauric acid in the range 0.01-5.0mm showed a maximum at 0.1mm. In the presence of glucose the maximum was at 0.5mm. The oxidation of linoleic acid in the presence of glucose increased throughout the concentration range 0.01-5.0mm. 3. The incorporation of lauric acid into lipids was maximal at 0.5-0.6mm in the presence of glucose, but at 10mm in the absence of glucose. At 0.8mm-lauric acid, in the presence of glucose, over 75% of the incorporated lauric acid was in triglycerides, but at 10mm they only contained 30%. The incorporation of glucose carbon into glycerides paralleled the incorporation of lauric acid. 4. In the range 0.01-2.5mm-linoleic acid the quantity incorporated into lipids increased. In the range 0.01-0.4mm linoleic acid was incorporated predominantly into triglycerides, but between 0.4 and 1.0mm most was in diglycerides, and between 2.5 and 5.0mm most was in monoglycerides. 5. The relationship of fatty acid concentration to the mechanism of absorption is discussed, together with the correlation between the distribution of the absorbed fatty acids within the tissue lipids and the lipase activity of intestinal mucosa.
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Project description:Due to the aging population in the world, neurodegenerative diseases have become a serious public health issue that greatly impacts patients' quality of life and adds a huge economic burden. Even after decades of research, there is no effective curative treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have become an emerging dietary medical intervention for health maintenance and treatment of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Recent research demonstrated that the oxidized metabolites, particularly the cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolites, of PUFAs are beneficial to several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease; however, their mechanism(s) remains unclear. The endogenous levels of CYP metabolites are greatly affected by our diet, endogenous synthesis, and the downstream metabolism. While the activity of omega-3 (ω-3) CYP PUFA metabolites and omega-6 (ω-6) CYP PUFA metabolites largely overlap, the ω-3 CYP PUFA metabolites are more active in general. In this review, we will briefly summarize recent findings regarding the biosynthesis and metabolism of CYP PUFA metabolites. We will also discuss the potential mechanism(s) of CYP PUFA metabolites in neurodegeneration, which will ultimately improve our understanding of how PUFAs affect neurodegeneration and may identify potential drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Project description:Here we assessed the effects of dietary essential fatty acids on the developmental competence of oocytes in cows and on the functionality of follicular granulosa cells (GC). Lactating German Holstein cows were supplemented from week 9 ante partum (ap) until week 8 post-partum (pp) in four dietary groups designed as (i) control (CTRL: coconut oil), (ii) essential fatty acid (EFA: linseed and safflower oil), (iii) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA: Lutalin®), and (iv) EFA+CLA (mixture of linseed oil, safflower oil and Lutalin®). EFA, CLA or EFA+CLA supplementation did not improve in vitro embryo production. However, higher proportions of ?-linolenic acid (ALA) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA were observed in the follicular fluid suggesting the exposure of GC to relatively high levels of ALA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Consequently, we tested different concentrations of ALA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in a bovine GC culture model for their effects on steroid production, marker gene expression and viability. Both fatty acids upregulated CD36 and downregulated the expression of FOXL2, while ALA significantly increased SOX 9 transcript levels. Both ALA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA reduced the CCND2 expression and cis-9, trans-11 CLA induced apoptosis. ALA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA significantly down-regulated the expression of STAR, CYP19A1, FSHR, LHCGR and decreased the 17?-Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) production. In conclusion, dietary lipids did not improve in vitro embryo production, while ALA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA affected the morphology and functionality of GC. This could suggestively lead to compromised follicle development and ovarian cyclicity in dairy cows.
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Project description:The relative abundance of specific fatty acids in milk can be important for consumer health and manufacturing properties of dairy products. Understanding of genes controlling milk fat synthesis may contribute to the development of dairy products with high quality and nutritional value. This study aims to identify key genes and genetic variants affecting de novo synthesis of the short- and medium-chained fatty acids C4:0 to C14:0. A genome-wide association study using 609,361 SNP markers and 1,811 animals was performed to detect genomic regions affecting fatty acid levels. These regions were further refined using sequencing data to impute millions of additional genetic variants. Results suggest associations of PAEP with the content of C4:0, AACS with the content of fatty acids C4:0-C6:0, NCOA6 or ACSS2 with the longer chain fatty acids C6:0-C14:0, and FASN mainly associated with content of C14:0. None of the top-ranking markers caused amino acid shifts but were mostly situated in putatively regulating regions and suggested a regulatory role of the QTLs. Sequencing mRNA from bovine milk confirmed the expression of all candidate genes which, combined with knowledge of their roles in fat biosynthesis, supports their potential role in de novo synthesis of bovine milk fatty acids.
| S-EPMC5794751 | biostudies-literature
Project description:As important metabolic substrates, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and fatty acids (FAs) participate in many significant physiological processes, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and inflammation, along with intermediate metabolites generated in their catabolism. The increased levels of BCAAs and fatty acids can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction by altering mitochondrial biogenesis and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and interfering with glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. BCAAs can directly activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway to induce insulin resistance, or function together with fatty acids. In addition, elevated levels of BCAAs and fatty acids can activate the canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and inflammasome and regulate mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disorders through upregulated inflammatory signals. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms through which BCAAs and fatty acids modulate energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation synergistically.
| S-EPMC7506139 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. The testis of the ram secretes considerable amounts of amino acids (200mumoles/day) into the fluid collected from the efferent ducts. The principal amino acid in this testicular fluid is glutamate, which is present in concentrations about eight times those in testicular lymph or in blood from the internal spermatic vein. 2. The concentration of glutamate in seminal plasma from the tail of the epididymis is about ten times that in testicular fluid, and, though glutamate is the major amino acid in ejaculated seminal plasma, its concentration is less than in epididymal plasma. 3. After the intravenous infusion of [U-(14)C]glucose, labelled glutamate was found in the testicular fluid. Radioactivity was also detected in alanine, glycine, serine plus glutamine and aspartate. Alanine had the highest specific activity, about 50% of the specific activity of blood glucose. 4. When [U-(14)C]glutamate was infused, the specific activity of glutamate in testicular fluid was only about 2% that in the blood plasma. 5. Testicular and ejaculated ram spermatozoa oxidized both [U-(14)C]glutamate and [U-(14)C]leucine to a small extent, but neither substrate altered the respiration from endogenous levels. 6. No radioactivity was detected in testicular spermatozoal protein after incubation with [U-(14)C]glutamate or [U-(14)C]leucine. Small amounts of radioactivity were detected in protein from ejaculated ram spermatozoa after incubation with [U-(14)C]glutamate. 7. The carbon of [U-(14)C]glucose was incorporated into amino acids by testicular spermatozoa; most of the radioactivity occurred in glutamate.
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Project description:Fasting and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia are causal risk factors for atherosclerosis. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia is approximately 25-30% and most hypertriglyceridemic patients suffer from mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Data regarding dietary interventions on postprandial triglyceride metabolism of mildly to moderately hypertriglyceridemic patients is, however, sparse. In a randomized controlled trial, eight mildly hypertriglyceridemic patients and five healthy, normolipidemic controls received three separate standardized fat-meals containing either saturated fatty acids (SFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), or medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) in a randomized order. Fasting and postprandial lipid parameters were determined over a 10 h period and the (incremental) area under the curve (AUC/iAUC) for plasma triglycerides and other parameters were determined. MCFA do not lead to a significant elevation of postprandial total plasma triglycerides and other triglyceride parameters, while both SFA (patients: p = 0.003, controls: p = 0.03 compared to MCFA) and MUFA (patients: p = 0.001; controls: p = 0.14 compared to MCFA) do lead to such an increase. Patients experienced a significantly more pronounced increase of plasma triglycerides than controls (SFA: patients iAUC = 1006 mg*h/dL, controls iAUC = 247 mg*h/dL, p = 0.02; MUFA: patients iAUC = 962 mg*h/dL, controls iAUC = 248 mg*h/dL, p = 0.05). Replacing SFA with MCFA may be a treatment option for mildly to moderately hypertriglyceridemic patients as it prevents postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.
| S-EPMC8160756 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cryopreserved semen is widely used in assisted reproductive techniques. Post-thawing spermatozoa endure oxidative stress due to the high levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which are produced during the freezing/thawing process, and the depletion of antioxidants. To counteract this depletion, supplementation of sperm preparation medium with antioxidants has been widely applied. Melatonin is a hormone with diverse biological roles and a potent antioxidant, with an ameliorative effect on spermatozoa. In the present study, we assessed the effect of melatonin on thawed bovine spermatozoa during their handling. Cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa were thawed and incubated for 60 min in the presence or absence of 100 μΜ melatonin. Also, the effect of melatonin was assessed on spermatozoa further challenged by the addition of 100 μΜ hydrogen peroxide. Spermatozoa were evaluated in terms of kinematic parameters (CASA), viability (trypan blue staining) and antioxidant capacity (glutathione and NBT assay, determination of iNOS levels by Western blot analysis). In the presence of melatonin, spermatozoa presented better kinematic parameters, as the percentage of motile and rapid spermatozoa was higher in the melatonin group. They also presented higher viability and antioxidant status, as determined by the increased cellular glutathione levels and the decreased iNOS protein levels.
| S-EPMC10603642 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe intramuscular fat deposition and the fatty acid profiles of beef affect meat quality. High proportions of unsaturated fatty acids are related to beef flavor and are beneficial for the nutritional value of meat. Moreover, a variety of clinical and epidemiologic studies showed that particularly long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from animal sources have a positive impact on human health and disease.ResultsTo screen for genetic factors affecting fatty acid profiles in beef, we initially performed a microsatellite-based genome scan in a F(2) Charolais × German Holstein resource population and identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fatty acid composition in a region on bovine chromosome 27 where previously QTL affecting marbling score had been detected in beef cattle populations. The long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) gene was identified as the most plausible functional and positional candidate gene in the QTL interval due to its direct impact on fatty acid metabolism and its position in the QTL interval. ACSL1 is necessary for synthesis of long-chain acyl-CoA esters, fatty acid degradation and phospholipid remodeling. We validated the genomic annotation of the bovine ACSL1 gene by in silico comparative sequence analysis and experimental verification. Re-sequencing of the complete coding, exon-flanking intronic sequences, 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) and partial promoter region of the ACSL1 gene revealed three synonymous mutations in exons 6, 7, and 20, six noncoding intronic gene variants, six polymorphisms in the promoter region, and four variants in the 3' UTR region. The association analysis identified the gene variant in intron 5 of the ACSL1 gene (c.481-233A>G) to be significantly associated with the relative content of distinct fractions and ratios of fatty acids (e.g., n-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans vaccenic acid) in skeletal muscle. A tentative association of the ACSL1 gene variant with intramuscular fat content indicated that an indirect effect on fatty acid composition via modulation of total fat content of skeletal muscle cannot be excluded.ConclusionsThe initial QTL analysis suggested the ACSL1 gene as a positional and functional candidate gene for fatty acid composition in bovine skeletal muscle. The findings of subsequent association analyses indicate that ACSL1 or a separate gene in close proximity might play a functional role in mediating the lipid composition of beef.
| S-EPMC3260110 | biostudies-literature