The molecular weights of two forms of carbamoyl phosphate synthase from rat liver.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Virden R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1178690 | biostudies-other | 1972 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The rate at which isolated rat liver mitochondria synthesized citrulline with NH4C1 as nitrogen source was markedly dependent on the protein content of the diet. 2. Citrulline synthesis was not rate-limited by substrate concentration, substrate transport or ornithine transcarbamoylase activity under the conditions used. 3. The intramitochondrial content of an activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthase, assumed to be N-acetyl-glutamate, varied markedly with dietary protein content. The variation in the concentration of this activator was sufficient to account for the observed variation in the rates of citrulline synthesis if this synthesis were rate-limited by the activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthase. 4. The rates of urea formation from NH4Cl as nitrogen source in isolated liver cells showed variations in response to diet that closely paralleled the variations in the rates of citrulline synthesis observed in isolated mitochondria. 5. These results are consistent with the postulate that when NH4Cl plus ornithine are present in an excess, the rate of urea synthesis is regulated at the level of carbamoyl phosphate synthase activity.
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Project description:We had previously shown that alcohol consumption can induce cellular isoaspartate protein damage via an impairment of the activity of protein isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT), an enzyme that triggers repair of isoaspartate protein damage. To further investigate the mechanism of isoaspartate accumulation, hepatocytes cultured from control or 4-week ethanol-fed rats were incubated in vitro with tubercidin or adenosine. Both these agents, known to elevate intracellular S-adenosylhomocysteine levels, increased cellular isoaspartate damage over that recorded following ethanol consumption in vivo. Increased isoaspartate damage was attenuated by treatment with betaine. To characterize isoaspartate-damaged proteins that accumulate after ethanol administration, rat liver cytosolic proteins were methylated using exogenous PIMT and (3)H-S-adenosylmethionine and proteins resolved by gel electrophoresis. Three major protein bands of ? 75-80 kDa, ? 95-100 kDa, and ? 155-160 kDa were identified by autoradiography. Column chromatography used to enrich isoaspartate-damaged proteins indicated that damaged proteins from ethanol-fed rats were similar to those that accrued in the livers of PIMT knockout (KO) mice. Carbamoyl phosphate synthase-1 (CPS-1) was partially purified and identified as the ? 160 kDa protein target of PIMT in ethanol-fed rats and in PIMT KO mice. Analysis of the liver proteome of 4-week ethanol-fed rats and PIMT KO mice demonstrated elevated cytosolic CPS-1 and betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase-1 when compared to their respective controls, and a significant reduction of carbonic anhydrase-III (CA-III) evident only in ethanol-fed rats. Ethanol feeding of rats for 8 weeks resulted in a larger (? 2.3-fold) increase in CPS-1 levels compared to 4-week ethanol feeding indicating that CPS-1 accumulation correlated with the duration of ethanol consumption. Collectively, our results suggest that elevated isoaspartate and CPS-1, and reduced CA-III levels could serve as biomarkers of hepatocellular injury.
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Project description:Evidence is provided that insulin controls the amount and synthetic rate of liver carbamoyl-phosphate synthase II (EC 6.3.5.5) (synthase II) in rat. In 3- and 6-day starvation, with low plasma insulin, synthase II specific activity decreased to 47 and 30%, respectively, of normal; on re-feeding and with concurrent insulin injections, liver synthase II activity increased to 2.5 and 3 times that of starved rats respectively. Treatment with anti-insulin serum during re-feeding prevented the rise in synthase II activity. In diabetic rats, synthase II activity decreased to 28% of normal and was increased by insulin treatment for 2 and 7 days to 4.8- and 5.6-fold of the activity in diabetic liver; this rise in activity was blocked by actinomycin. Immunotitration demonstrated that alterations in synthase II activity were due to changes in the enzyme amount. In starvation, the relative synthesis rate of synthase II decreased to 44%, with an increase in catabolic rate to 122%; re-feeding returned these to control values. In diabetes the synthase II synthesis rate decreased to 52% and the degradative rate was accelerated to 180%; insulin treatment induced synthesis and returned degradation to the control range. Thus the integrative action of insulin in liver pyrimidine metabolism entails regulation of the amount and turnover of synthase II.
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Project description:Carbamoyl phosphate (CP) is an intermediate in pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CPS) contains a small amidotransferase subunit (GLN) that hydrolyzes glutamine and transfers ammonia to the large synthetase subunit (SYN), where CP biosynthesis occurs in the presence of ATP and CO(2). Lactobacillus plantarum, a lactic acid bacterium, harbors a pyrimidine-inhibited CPS (CPS-P; Elagöz et al., Gene 182:37-43, 1996) and an arginine-repressed CPS (CPS-A). Sequencing has shown that CPS-A is encoded by carA (GLN) and carB (SYN). Transcriptional studies have demonstrated that carB is transcribed both monocistronically and in the carAB arginine-repressed operon. CP biosynthesis in L. plantarum was studied with three mutants (DeltaCPS-P, DeltaCPS-A, and double deletion). In the absence of both CPSs, auxotrophy for pyrimidines and arginine was observed. CPS-P produced enough CP for both pathways. In CO(2)-enriched air but not in ordinary air, CPS-A provided CP only for arginine biosynthesis. Therefore, the uracil sensitivity observed in prototrophic wild-type L. plantarum without CO(2) enrichment may be due to the low affinity of CPS-A for its substrate CO(2) or to regulation of the CP pool by the cellular CO(2)/bicarbonate level.
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Project description:Phomoxanthone A, a bioactive xanthone dimer isolated from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp., is a mitochondrial toxin weakening cellular respiration and electron transport chain activity by a fast breakup of the mitochondrial assembly. Here, a multi-disciplinary strategy has been developed and applied for identifying phomoxanthone A target(s) to fully address its mechanism of action, based on drug affinity response target stability and targeted limited proteolysis. Both approaches point to the identification of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 as a major phomoxanthone A target in mitochondria cell lysates, giving also detailed insights into the ligand/target interaction sites by molecular docking and assessing an interesting phomoxanthone A stimulating activity on carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1. Thus, phomoxanthone A can be regarded as an inspiring molecule for the development of new leads in counteracting hyperammonemia states.
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Project description:Rat liver ornithine carbamoyltransferase appears to be located exclusively in the mitochondria; the activity that is found in the soluble fraction is indistinguishable from mitochondrial ornithine carbamoyltransferase by simple kinetic criteria, and seems to result from breakage of mitochondria during homogenization. Of several rat tissues studied, only the liver and the mucosa of small intestine contain significant amounts of ornithine carbamoyltransferase; the activity in intestinal mucosa is less than one thousandth of that in liver. Qualitatively, this distribution coincides with that of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I and its cofactor, acetylglutamate. The rat liver contents of carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine were 0.1 and 0.15mumol/g wet wt. of tissue respectively. On the basis of these values, it is proposed that in vivo the ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity of liver may be much lower than its maximal activity in vitro might suggest.
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Project description:Carbamoyl phosphate synthase from liver of both rat and frog, normally dependent on N-acetyl-l-glutamate (on the basis of K(m) and physiological concentrations) as an activator, was shown to be activated by high concentrations of N-acetyl-l-aspartate. However, the high concentrations of N-acetyl-l-aspartate required for activation produce non-competitive inhibition. Similarly, high concentrations of N-acetyl-l-glutamate, in very large excess of the amount required to activate the enzyme, inhibit. The limit for N-acetyl-l-glutamate as an impurity in N-acetyl-l-aspartate was found to be less than 1 in 5000 parts, far below the 1 in 250 parts needed to produce the activation observed with N-acetyl-l-aspartate.
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Project description:A through study of initial-rate data has been made on carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from bovine liver. On the basis of the results the order of substrate binding to the enzyme is ATPMg followed by HCO(3) (-), ATPMg and NH(4) (+). A model for the enzymic mechanism is proposed, and the rate equations describing it are presented. Details of the derivation of the initial-rate equation for the kinetic mechanism proposed have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50032 (6 pages) at the British Library, Lending Division (formerly the National Lending Library for Science and Technology), Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7QB, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1973), 131, 5.
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Project description:Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is a severe infectious disease of apple whose infective area is growing gradually and thus poses a huge economic threat to the world. Different species of Colletotrichum including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides are responsible for GLS. For efficient GLS control, it is important to understand the mechanism by which the cruciferous crops and C. gloeosporioides interact. Arginine is among one of the several types of amino acids, which plays crucial role in biochemical and physiological functions of fungi. The arginine biosynthesis pathway involved in virulence among plant pathogenic fungi is poorly understood. In this study, CgCPS1 gene encoding carbamoyl phosphate synthase involved in arginine biosynthesis has been identified and inactivated experimentally. To assess the effects of CgCPS1, we knocked out CgCPS1 in C. gloeosporioides and evaluated its effects on virulence and stress tolerance. The results showed that deletion of CgCPS1 resulted in loss of pathogenicity. The Δcgcps1 mutants showed slow growth rate, defects in appressorium formation and failed to develop lesions on apple leaves and fruits leading to loss of virulence while complementation strain (CgCPS1-C) fully restored its pathogenicity. Furthermore, mutant strains showed extreme sensitivity to high osmotic stress displaying that CgCPS1 plays a vital role in stress response. These findings suggest that CgCPS1 is major factor that mediates pathogenicity in C. gloeosporioides by encoding carbamoyl phosphate that is involved in arginine biosynthesis and conferring virulence in C. gloeosporioides.
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Project description:A study of the product-inhibition patterns of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from bovine liver is reported. Inhibition by adenosine, AMP and inorganic ions is also reported. The results are in agreement with the previously proposed model in which the order of substrate binding is ATPMg, followed by HCO(3) (-), ATPMg and NH(4) (+). The order of product release on the basis of the reported results is carbamoyl phosphate, followed by ADPMg, ADPMg and inorganic phosphate.
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