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Iodinated phospholipids and the in vitro iodination of proteins of dog thyroid gland.

ABSTRACT: Slices of dog thyroid gland were incubated with liposomes consisting of (125)I-labelled phosphatidylcholine (the iodine was covalently linked to unsaturated fatty acyl chains). The (125)I label of (125)I-labelled liposomes was incorporated into thyroid protein and/or thyroglobulin at a higher rate than was the (131)I label of either Na(131)I or (131)I(2). The iodine was shown to be protein-bound by the co-migration of the labelled iodine with protein under conditions where free iodine, iodide and lipid-bound iodine were removed from protein. The uptake of iodine from the iodinated phospholipid was probably due to phospholipid exchange between the iodinated liposomes and the thyroid cell membrane, since (a) (14)C-labelled phospholipid was metabolized to (14)CO(2) and (b) many lipids in the tissue slice became (14)C-labelled. A very strong inhibition of iodide ;uptake' from Na(131)I, caused by thiosulphate, produced only a minor inhibition of the incorporation of (125)I from (125)I-labelled liposomes into thyroid protein and/or thyroglobulin. This implies that free iodide may not necessarily be formed from the iodinated phospholipids before their entrance or utilization in the cell. Synthetic polytyrosine polypeptide suspensions showed some iodination by (131)I-labelled liposomes. In tissues with low tyrosine contents, such as liver and kidney, only a trace uptake was observed. Salivary gland showed some uptake. Endoplasmic reticulum of thyroid gland showed a higher iodine uptake than that of the corresponding plasma membranes. These experiments, together with the demonstration of the diet-dependent presence of iodinated phospholipids in dog thyroid, leads us to suggest that iodination of the membrane phospholipids of thyroid cells may be directly or indirectly involved at some stage in the synthesis of thyroglobulin, or exists as a scavenger mechanism, to re-utilize and/or recover released iodine from unstable compounds inside the thyroid cell.

SUBMITTER: Rabinowitz JL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1183747 | biostudies-other | 1977 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:BACKGROUND:The thyroid gland has a special relationship with oxidative stress. While generation of oxidative substances is part of normal iodide metabolism during thyroid hormone synthesis, the gland must also defend itself against excessive oxidation in order to maintain normal function. Antioxidant and detoxification enzymes aid thyroid cells to maintain homeostasis by ameliorating oxidative insults, including during exposure to excess iodide, but the factors that coordinate their expression with the cellular redox status are not known. The antioxidant response system comprising the ubiquitously expressed NFE2-related transcription factor 2 (Nrf2) and its redox-sensitive cytoplasmic inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) defends tissues against oxidative stress, thereby protecting against pathologies that relate to DNA, protein, and/or lipid oxidative damage. Thus, it was hypothesized that Nrf2 should also have important roles in maintaining thyroid homeostasis. METHODS:Ubiquitous and thyroid-specific male C57BL6J Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-KO) mice were studied. Plasma and thyroids were harvested for evaluation of thyroid function tests by radioimmunoassays and of gene and protein expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Nrf2-KO and Keap1-KO clones of the PCCL3 rat thyroid follicular cell line were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and were used for gene and protein expression studies. Software-predicted Nrf2 binding sites on the thyroglobulin enhancer were validated by site-directed in vitro mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS:The study shows that Nrf2 mediates antioxidant transcriptional responses in thyroid cells and protects the thyroid from oxidation induced by iodide overload. Surprisingly, it was also found that Nrf2 has a dramatic impact on both the basal abundance and the thyrotropin-inducible intrathyroidal abundance of thyroglobulin (Tg), the precursor protein of thyroid hormones. This effect is mediated by cell-autonomous regulation of Tg gene expression by Nrf2 via its direct binding to two evolutionarily conserved antioxidant response elements in an upstream enhancer. Yet, despite upregulating Tg levels, Nrf2 limits Tg iodination both under basal conditions and in response to excess iodide. CONCLUSIONS:Nrf2 exerts pleiotropic roles in the thyroid gland to couple cell stress defense mechanisms to iodide metabolism and the thyroid hormone synthesis machinery, both under basal conditions and in response to excess iodide.

Project description:(1) Background: We recently showed that iodinated contrast media (ICM) reduced thyroid uptake of iodide independently of free iodide through a mechanism different from that of NaI and involving a dramatic and long-lasting decrease in Na/I symporter expression. The present study aimed at comparing the response of the thyroid to ICM and NaI using a quantitative proteomic approach. (2) Methods: Scintiscans were performed on ICM-treated patients. Micro Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (microSPECT/CT) imaging was used to assess thyroid uptakes in ICM- or NaI-treated mice and their response to recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone. Total thyroid iodide content and proteome was determined in control, NaI-, or ICM-treated animals. (3) Results: The inhibitory effect of ICM in patients was selectively observed on thyroids but not on salivary glands for up to two months after a systemic administration. An elevated level of iodide was observed in thyroids from NaI-treated mice but not in those from ICM animals. Exposure of the thyroid to NaI modulates 15 cellular pathways, most of which are also affected by ICM treatment (including the elF4 and P706SK cell signaling pathway and INSR identified as an upstream activator in both treatments). In addition, ICM modulates 16 distinct pathways and failed to affect thyroid iodide content. Finally, administration of ICM reduces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor expression which results in a loss of TSH-induced iodide uptake by the thyroid. (4) Conclusions: Common intracellular mechanisms are involved in the ICM- and NaI-induced reduction of iodide uptake. However, ICM fails to affect thyroid iodide content which suggests that the modulation of these common pathways is triggered by separate effectors. ICM also modulates numerous distinct pathways which may account for its long-lasting effect on thyroid uptake. These observations may have implications in the management of patients affected by differentiated thyroid carcinomas who have been exposed to ICM. They also provide the basis for the utilization of ICM-based compounds in radioprotection of the thyroid.

Project description:Background: The production of thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)] depends on the organization of the thyroid in follicles, which are lined by a monolayer of thyrocytes with strict apicobasal polarity. This polarization supports vectorial transport of thyroglobulin (Tg) for storage into, and recapture from, the colloid. It also allows selective addressing of channels, transporters, ion pumps, and enzymes to their appropriate basolateral [Na+/I- symporter (NIS), SLC26A7, and Na+/K+-ATPase] or apical membrane domain (anoctamin, SLC26A4, DUOX2, DUOXA2, and thyroperoxidase). How these actors of T3/T4 synthesis reach their final destination remains poorly understood. The PI 3-kinase isoform Vps34/PIK3C3 is now recognized as a main component in the general control of vesicular trafficking and of cell homeostasis through the regulation of endosomal trafficking and autophagy. We recently reported that conditional Vps34 inactivation in proximal tubular cells in the kidney prevents normal addressing of apical membrane proteins and causes abortive macroautophagy. Methods: Vps34 was inactivated using a Pax8-driven Cre recombinase system. The impact of Vps34 inactivation in thyrocytes was analyzed by histological, immunolocalization, and messenger RNA expression profiling. Thyroid hormone synthesis was assayed by 125I injection and plasma analysis. Results: Vps34 conditional knockout (Vps34cKO) mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio and showed normal growth until postnatal day 14 (P14), then stopped growing and died at ?1 month of age. We therefore analyzed thyroid Vps34cKO at P14. We found that loss of Vps34 in thyrocytes causes (i) disorganization of thyroid parenchyma, with abnormal thyrocyte and follicular shape and reduced PAS+ colloidal spaces; (ii) severe noncompensated hypothyroidism with extremely low T4 levels (0.75?±?0.62??g/dL) and huge thyrotropin plasma levels (19,300?±?10,500?mU/L); (iii) impaired 125I organification at comparable uptake and frequent occurrence of follicles with luminal Tg but nondetectable T4-bearing Tg; (iv) intense signal in thyrocytes for the lysosomal membrane marker, LAMP-1, as well as Tg and the autophagy marker, p62, indicating defective lysosomal proteolysis; and (v) presence of macrophages in the colloidal space. Conclusions: We conclude that Vps34 is crucial for thyroid hormonogenesis, at least by controlling epithelial organization, Tg iodination as well as proteolytic T3/T4 excision in lysosomes.

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Iodinated phospholipids and the in vitro iodination of proteins of dog thyroid gland.

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