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Further observations on the inhibitory effect of extracellular potassium ions on glycine uptake by mouse ascites-tumour cells.

ABSTRACT: 1. The initial rate of uptake of glycine by the tumour cells was measured as a function of the Na(+) and K(+) concentrations in the solution in which the cells were suspended. When [Gly] was 1mm or 12mm, the rate in the absence of Na(+) was independent of [K(+)] and about 3% or 10% respectively of the rate when [Na(+)] was 150m-equiv./l. 2. The Na(+)-dependent glycine entry rate, v, at a given value of [Na(+)] was successively lowered when [K(+)] was increased from 8 to 47 to 96m-equiv./l. A kinetic analysis indicated that K(+) competitively inhibited the action of Na(+). The results were in fair agreement with previous determinations of the kinetic parameters. 3. The presence of 2mm-sodium cyanide and 10mm-2-deoxyglucose lowered the cellular ATP content to less than 3% of the value in the respiring cells. Although v was then about 50% smaller, the relative effects of K(+) and Na(+) on the system were similar to those observed during respiration. 4. A theoretical analysis indicated that the variation of v with [K(+)] is not a reliable guide to the extent to which the K(+) gradient between the cells and their environment may contribute to the net transport of glycine.

SUBMITTER: Eddy AA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1184968 | biostudies-other | 1969 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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The effects of sodium ions and potassium ions on glycine uptake by mouse ascites-tumour cells in the presence and absence of selected metabolic inhibitors.

Project description:1. The initial rate, v, of glycine uptake by ascites-tumour cells respiring their endogenous nutrient reserves was studied as a function of the respective extracellular concentrations of glycine, Na(+) and K(+). With the extracellular concentration of Na(+)+K(+) constant at 158m-equiv./l. and that of glycine either 4 or 12mm, v tended to zero as the extracellular concentration of Na(+) approached zero. Glycine appeared to enter the cells as a ternary complex with a carrier and Na(+). K(+) competed with Na(+) for one of the carrier sites, whereas glycine was bound at a second site. The values of the five relevant binding constants showed that the two sites interacted. 2. The glycine uptake rate at various extracellular concentrations of glycine and Na(+) was scarcely affected by starving the cells for 30min. in the presence of 2mm-sodium cyanide provided that cellular Na(+) and K(+) contents were kept at the normal values. When the cells took up Na(+), however, v decreased approximately threefold. 3. When their Na(+) content was relatively small and the extracellular concentration of Na(+) was large, the starved cells accumulated glycine in the presence of cyanide for about 15min. Glycine then tended to leave the cells. An average of about 5mumoles of glycine/ml. of cell water was taken up from a 1mm solution, representing about 20% of the accumulation observed during respiration. Studies with fluoride, 2,4-dinitrophenol and other metabolic inhibitors supported the view that ATP and similar compounds were not implicated. The relation between the transient accumulation of glycine that occurred in these circumstances and the normal mode of active transport was not established.

| S-EPMC1270492 | biostudies-other

A net gain of sodium ions and a net loss of potassium ions accompanying the uptake of glycine by mouse ascites-tumour cells in the presence of sodium cyanide.

Project description:1. The tumour cells were starved in a solution lacking Na(+) and then transferred to a Ringer solution containing 2mm-sodium cyanide, 150m-equiv. of Na(+)/l. and 10m-equiv. of K(+)/l. Such cells were depleted of ATP and contained an endogenous pool of various amino acids equivalent to a 26mm solution. 2. At 4min. after the transfer the cellular Na(+) content had increased by about 100% and roughly an equivalent amount of K(+) had left the cells. 3. Under these conditions [(14)C]glycine was absorbed from an 11mm solution and reached the same cellular concentration by about 4min. The pool size increased by approximately the same amount (DeltaGly), so glycine did not simply exchange with the endogenous components. 4. After 4min. with glycine, the cells contained about 20% more Na(+) (DeltaNa(+)) than the control and about 10% less K(+) (DeltaK(+)). The mean values of DeltaNa(+)/DeltaGly and DeltaK(+)/DeltaGly from five experiments were respectively 0.90+/-0.11 and 0.62+/-0.11equiv./mole. 5. A further indication that these two ratios were not equal was that the cells absorbed more water than the movement of glycine itself required. The excess of water was osmotically equivalent to 0.95+/-0.16equiv. of solute/mole of glycine absorbed. 6. The variation of DeltaNa(+)/DeltaGly with the duration of the incubation was consistent with the stimulated uptake of Na(+) being linked to the actual transport of glycine. The same may apply to the movement of K(+), though the time-dependence was not examined in that case. 7. The observations were analysed in terms of a model in which both K(+) and Na(+) moved with a glycine-carrier system without ATP being involved. The analysis supported the idea that the spontaneous movements of the ions through the system might concentrate glycine in the cells significantly by purely physical means (Christensen's hypothesis).

| S-EPMC1198793 | biostudies-other

The effects of varying the cellular and extracellular concentrations of sodium and potassium ions on the uptake of glycine by mouse ascites-tumour cells in the presence and absence of sodium cyanide.

Project description:1. Tumour cells were starved to deplete them of ATP and transferred to 0.9mm-glycine in Ringer solutions containing 2mm-sodium cyanide and various Na(+) and K(+) concentrations. The uptake of glycine then usually reached a peak by about 10min. 2. When cellular [Na(+)] and extracellular [Na(+)] were each about 30m-equiv./l., the maximum amount of glycine absorbed increased between 1.2- and 3.0-fold on lowering extracellular [K(+)] from 128 to 10m-equiv./l. 3. When extracellular [Na(+)] was 150m-equiv./l., the ratio, R, of the cellular to extracellular glycine concentrations increased progressively, from near 1 to about 9, when cellular [Na(+)] was lowered from 120 to 40m-equiv./l. 4. When cellular [Na(+)] was almost constant, either at 45 or 70m-equiv./l., R fell about 14-fold when extracellular [Na(+)] varied from 150 to 16m-equiv./l. 5. Values of R near 0.2 were found when cellular [Na(+)] was about four times as large as extracellular [Na(+)]. 6. R fell about threefold when the cells were put with 12mm- instead of 0.9mm-glycine. 7. The results were taken to imply that, under these conditions, the spontaneous movements of both Na(+) and K(+) across the cell membrane, down their respective concentration gradients, served to concentrate the glycine in the tumour cells (Christensen's hypothesis).

| S-EPMC1198835 | biostudies-other

Transport of calcium ions by Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells.

Project description:Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells accumulate Ca2+ when incubated aerobically with succinate, phosphate and rotenone, as revealed by isotopic and atomic-absorption measurements. Ca2+ does not stimulate oxygen consumption by carefully prepared Ehrlich cells, but des so when the cells are placed in a hypo-osmotic medium. Neither glutamate nor malate support Ca2+ uptake in 'intact' Ehrlich cells, nor does the endogenous NAD-linked respiration. Ca2+ uptake is completely dependent on mitochondrial energy-coupling mechansims. It was an unexpected finding that maximal Ca2+ uptake supported by succinate requires rotenone, which blocks oxidation of enogenous NAD-linked substrates. Phosphate functions as co-anion for entry of Ca2+. Ca2+ uptake is also supported by extra-cellular ATP; no other nucleoside 5'-di- or tri-phosphate was active. The accumulation of Ca2+ apparently takes place in the mitochondria, since oligomycin and atractyloside inhibit ATP-supported Ca2+ uptake. Glycolysis does not support Ca2+ uptake. Neither free mitochondria released from disrupted cells nor permeability-damaged cells capable of absorbing Trypan Blue were responsible for any large fraction of the total observed energy-coupled Ca2+ uptake. The observations reported also indicate that electron flow through energy-conserving site 1 promotes Ca2+ release from Ehrlich cells and that extra-cellular ATP increase permeability of the cell membrane, allowing both ATP and Ca2+ to enter the cells more readily.

| S-EPMC1163986 | biostudies-other

Transient, Consequential Increases in Extracellular Potassium Ions Accompany Channelrhodopsin2 Excitation.

Project description:Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) optogenetic excitation is widely used to study neurons, astrocytes, and circuits. Using complementary approaches in situ and in vivo, we found that ChR2 stimulation leads to significant transient elevation of extracellular potassium ions by ∼5 mM. Such elevations were detected in ChR2-expressing mice, following local in vivo expression of ChR2(H134R) with adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), in different brain areas and when ChR2 was expressed in neurons or astrocytes. In particular, ChR2-mediated excitation of striatal astrocytes was sufficient to increase medium spiny neuron (MSN) excitability and immediate early gene expression. The effects on MSN excitability were recapitulated in silico with a computational MSN model and detected in vivo as increased action potential firing in awake, behaving mice. We show that transient, physiologically consequential increases in extracellular potassium ions accompany ChR2 optogenetic excitation. This coincidental effect may be important to consider during astrocyte studies employing ChR2 to interrogate neural circuits and animal behavior.

| S-EPMC6582980 | biostudies-literature

Interctions between potassium ions and glycine transport in the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.

Project description:A study has been made of the effects of both varying the pH and extracellular [K(+)] on the initial rate of uptake of glycine (v) by a strain of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis that concentrated the amino acid, with respect to the extracellular phase, by up to 1400 times. When no other substrate than glycine was provided and [glycine] was relatively small (</=0.2mm) (1) v increased fivefold when the pH was lowered from 7 to 4.5; (2) v fell by up to about 80% as [K(+)] rose, K(+) behaving as a non-competitive inhibitor of the system, with K(i) 0.33mequiv./l at pH7; (3) the absorption of glycine caused up to about 2 or 3 equiv. of K(+) to leave the yeast cells. These three phenomena were each less evident when glucose was present. An analogy is drawn between the respective interactions of H(+) and K(+) with the yeast system and the well recognized effects of Na(+) and K(+) on amino acid transport in certain mammalian systems.

| S-EPMC1179679 | biostudies-other

Further observations in congenital myasthenic syndromes.

Project description:During the past five years many patients suffering from congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) have been identified worldwide and novel causative genes and mutations have been discovered. The disease genes now include those encoding each subunit of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), the ColQ part of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase, Na(v)1.4, MuSK, and Dok-7. Moreover, emerging genotype-phenotype correlations are providing clues for targeted mutation analysis. This review focuses on the recent observations in selected CMS.

| S-EPMC3478107 | biostudies-literature

The effect of calcium ions on the glycolytic activity of Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells.

Project description:1. Added Ca(2+) inhibited lactate formation from sugar phosphates by intact Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells. Lactate formation from glucose by these cells was unaffected by added Ca(2+). 2. The Ca(2+) inhibition of lactate formation by intact cells occurred in the extracellular medium. 3. Intact ascites-tumour cells did not take up Ca(2+)in vitro. 4. Glycolysis of sugar phosphates by cell extracts as well as pyruvate formation from 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate was inhibited by Ca(2+). 5. It was concluded that Ca(2+) inhibited the pyruvate-kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) reaction. Further, Ca(2+) inhibition of pyruvate kinase could be correlated with the overall inhibition of glycolysis. 6. Concentrations of Ca(2+) usually present in Krebs-Ringer buffers, inhibited glycolysis and pyruvate-kinase activity by approx. 50%. 7. The inhibition of glycolysis by added Ca(2+) could be partially reversed by K(+) and completely reversed by Mg(2+) or by stoicheiometric amounts of EDTA. 8. The hypothesis is advanced that the inability of tumour cells to take up Ca(2+) is a factor contributing towards their high rate of glycolysis.

| S-EPMC1270131 | biostudies-other

Cortex-wide Changes in Extracellular Potassium Ions Parallel Brain State Transitions in Awake Behaving Mice.

Project description:Brain state fluctuations modulate sensory processing, but the factors governing state-dependent neural activity remain unclear. Here, we tracked the dynamics of cortical extracellular K+ concentrations ([K+]o) during awake state transitions and manipulated [K+]o in slices, during visual processing, and during skilled motor execution. When mice transitioned from quiescence to locomotion, [K+]o increased by 0.6-1.0 mM in all cortical areas analyzed, and this preceded locomotion by 1 s. Emulating the state-dependent [K+]o increase in cortical slices caused neuronal depolarization and enhanced input-output transformation. In vivo, locomotion increased the gain of visually evoked responses in layer 2/3 of visual cortex; this effect was recreated by imposing a [K+]o increase. Elevating [K+]o in the motor cortex increased movement-induced neuronal spiking in layer 5 and improved motor performance. Thus, [K+]o increases in a cortex-wide state-dependent manner, and this [K+]o increase affects both sensory and motor processing through the dynamic modulation of neural activity.

| S-EPMC6790006 | biostudies-literature

A sodium ion concentration gradient formed during the absorption of glycine by mouse ascites-tumour cells.

Project description:1. To deplete them of ATP the tumour cells were starved at 37 degrees in a Ringer solution containing 33m-equiv. of Na(+)/l., 131m-equiv. of Li(+)/l., 2mM-sodium cyanide and 0.1mm-ouabain. The cellular content of K(+) was largely replaced by Li(+), but cellular [Na(+)] remained near 33m-equiv./l. 2. The addition of 12mm-glycine to the system caused cellular [Na(+)] to increase, during the next 4min., by about 4m-equiv./l., so that it slightly exceeded extracellular [Na(+)]. This occurred in parallel with the absorption of glycine. 3. The cellular K(+) content fell by an amount representing about 10% of the amount of Na(+) absorbed. 4. The results provide a clear demonstration that the flow of glycine into the cells is linked to a parallel movement of Na(+); K(+) appears to play a facultative role in the carrier system, whereas Li(+) is almost inert. 5. The effects produced by glycine were not reproduced by l-arabinose.

| S-EPMC1185130 | biostudies-other

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