Temperature and the regulation of enzyme activity in poikilotherms. Fructose diphosphatase from migrating salmon.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Behrisch HW
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1185194 | biostudies-other | 1969 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:1. The properties of fructose diphosphatase from liver of South American lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa) were examined. 2. Saturation curves for substrate (fructose diphosphate) and both cofactors (Mn(2+) and Mg(2+)) are sigmoidal and Hill plots of these results suggest about 2 interacting substrate and cofactor sites/molecule of enzyme. 3. Mn(2+) is an efficient positive modulator of the enzyme and K(a) for Mn(2+) is about 20-30-fold lower than the K(a) for Mg(2+). 4. Lungfish fructose diphosphatase is inhibited by low concentrations of AMP, and the affinity of the enzyme for AMP is insensitive to temperature. 5. The affinities of fructose diphosphatase for fructose diphosphate and Mn(2+) appear to be dependent on temperature, whereas affinity for Mg(2+) is temperature-independent. 6. The pH optimum of the enzyme depends on the presence of the particular cofactor. As pH increases, the K(a) values of both cations are lowered, maximum velocities are increased and the saturation curves for cofactor become hyperbolic. 7. The possible roles of these ions, pH and substrate in the modulation of fructose diphosphatase and gluconeogenic activity in the lungfish are discussed in relation to aestivation and temperature adaptation.
| S-EPMC1187762 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. The properties of fructose diphosphatase from the liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) were examined over the physiological temperature range of the organism. 2. Saturation curves for substrate (fructose 1,6-diphosphate) and a cofactor (Mg(2+)) are sigmoidal, and Hill plots of the results suggest a minimum of two interacting fructose 1,6-diphosphate sites and two interacting Mg(2+) sites per molecule of enzyme. 3. Mn(2+)-saturation curves are hyperbolic, and the K(a) for Mn(2+), which inhibits the enzyme at high concentrations, is 50-100-fold lower than the K(a) for Mg(2+). 4. Fructose diphosphatase is inhibited by low concentrations of AMP; this inhibition appears to be decreased and reversed by increasing the concentrations of Mg(2+) and Mn(2+). Higher concentrations of AMP are required to inhibit the trout fructose diphosphatase in the presence of Mn(2+). 5. The affinities of fructose diphosphatase for fructose diphosphate and Mn(2+) appear to be temperature-independent, whereas the affinities for Mg(2+) and AMP are highly temperature-dependent. 6. The pH optimum of the enzyme depends on the concentrations of Mg(2+) and Mn(2+). In addition, pH determines the K(a) for Mg(2+); at high pH, K(a) for Mg(2+) is lowered. 7. The enzyme is inhibited by Ca(2+) and Zn(2+), and the inhibition is competitive with respect to both cations. 8. The possible roles of these ions and AMP in the modulation of fructose diphosphatase and gluconeogenic activity are discussed in relation to temperature adaptation.
| S-EPMC1187510 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. The properties of fructose diphosphatase from skeletal muscle of the Alaskan king-crab (Paralithodes camtschatica) were examined over the physiological temperature range of the animal. 2. King-crab muscle fructose diphosphatase is first activated by Na(+) and NH(4) (+) and is then partially inhibited by these cations at concentrations higher than 10mm at 0 degrees , 8 degrees and 15 degrees C. Enzyme activity is stimulated by K(+) at 0 degrees C, but is curtailed at 8 degrees C and 15 degrees C, an effect that could render rate independent of temperature. 3. Affinity for substrate increases with decreasing temperature; below the temperature of acclimatization, K(m) for fructose 1,6-diphosphate increases, resulting in a complex U-shaped temperature-K(m) curve. 4. King-crab muscle fructose diphosphatase is inhibited by low concentrations of AMP. As with enzymes of other poikilotherms, inhibition by AMP is sensitive to temperature; the enzyme is least sensitive to inhibition by AMP near the temperature of acclimatization. 5. The affinity of fructose diphosphatase for fructose 1,6-diphosphate is enhanced by phosphoenolpyruvate, and this activation is temperature-sensitive; 0.5mm-phosphoenolpyruvate causes a sevenfold decrease in K(m) for fructose 1,6-diphosphate at 15 degrees C but a 25-fold decrease at 0 degrees C. 6. Phosphoenolpyruvate appears to decrease the affinity of king-crab muscle fructose diphosphatase for AMP at low temperature, whereas at the higher temperature it appears to enhance inhibition by AMP. Phosphoenolpyruvate was not observed to cause a reversal of inhibition of fructose diphosphatase activity by AMP. The identification of phosphoenolpyruvate as an activator of a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis permits the suggestion of a coupling of the controlling mechanisms of several steps in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic chains. 7. These findings suggest mechanisms for the maintenance and regulation of control of fructose diphosphatase activity in king-crab skeletal muscle at low temperature and under conditions that favour concomitant activity of phosphofructokinase.
| S-EPMC1176586 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. The kinetics of the thermally induced enzyme variants of the supernatant NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase from rainbow-trout liver are investigated. 2. Fish acclimatized to 2 degrees C (cold-adapted enzyme) and 17 degrees C (warm-adapted enzyme) show different relative distributions of the three NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; this has been demonstrated with electrophoresis and electrofocusing techniques. 3. Plots of K(m) versus temperature for the cold-adapted and warm-adapted enzyme variants are complex in nature with apparent maximal enzyme-substrate affinity corresponding to the temperature at which the trout is acclimatized. Both substrates, dl-isocitrate and NADP(+), give similar curves although the magnitude of the K(m) change with temperature is much decreased in the case of NADP(+). 4. E(a) values of approx. 18kcal/mol were determined for both the cold-adapted and warm-adapted enzyme variants. 5. In an attempt to determine how velocities can be increased at low temperatures, cation, pH requirements, metabolite and enzyme concentrations were examined. 6. NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase could not be detected in trout tissues.
| S-EPMC1177070 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. The occurrence of fructose diphosphatase in muscle tissue was investigated with reference to the question whether lactate can be converted into glycogen in muscle, as postulated by Meyerhof (1930), fructose diphosphatase being one of the enzymes required for this conversion. 2. Fructose diphosphatase was found in skeletal muscle of man, dog, cat, rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, cattle, sheep, pigeon, fowl and frog. Under the test conditions between 5 and 60 mumoles of substrate were split/g. fresh wt./hr. at 22 degrees . 3. Like liver fructose diphosphatase, the muscle enzyme is inhibited by substrate concentrations above 0.1 mm, by AMP and by trace quantities of Zn(2+), Fe(2+) and Fe(3+); it is ;activated' by EDTA. Inhibitions by the above agents may account for the failure of previous authors to detect the enzyme. 4. Heart muscle of several vertebrate species and the smooth muscle of pigeon and fowl gizzard had no measurable activity. 5. The presence of fructose diphosphatase and the virtual absence of the enzyme systems converting pyruvate into phosphopyruvate means that lactate and pyruvate cannot be converted into glycogen in muscle, whereas the phosphorylated C(3) compounds can. The reconversion into carbohydrate of lactate (which readily diffuses out of muscle) occurs in liver and kidney only. The reconversion of phosphorylated C(3) intermediates (which cannot diffuse out of the tissue) can occur only within the muscle. 6. alpha-Glycerophosphate is probably the main intermediate requiring conversion into glycogen. The possible role of alpha-glycerophosphate formation in vertebrate muscle, already well established in insect muscle, is discussed.
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Project description:Thermoregulation is a homeostatic process to maintain an organism's internal temperature within a physiological range compatible with life. In poikilotherms, body temperature fluctuates with that of the environment, with both physiological and behavioral responses employed to modify body temperature. Changing skin colour/reflectance and locomotor activity are both well-recognized temperature regulatory mechanisms, but little is known of the participating thermosensor/s. We find that Xenopus laevis tadpoles put in the cold exhibit a temperature-dependent, systemic, and rapid melanosome aggregation in melanophores, which lightens the skin. Cooling also induces a reduction in the locomotor performance. To identify the cold-sensor, we focus on transient receptor potential (trp) channel genes from a Trpm family. mRNAs for several Trpms are present in Xenopus tails, and Trpm8 protein is present in skin melanophores. Temperature-induced melanosome aggregation is mimicked by the Trpm8 agonist menthol (WS12) and blocked by a Trpm8 antagonist. The degree of skin lightening induced by cooling is correlated with locomotor performance, and both responses are rapidly regulated in a dose-dependent and correlated manner by the WS12 Trpm8 agonist. We propose that TRPM8 serves as a cool thermosensor in poikilotherms that helps coordinate skin lightening and behavioural locomotor performance as adaptive thermoregulatory responses to cold.
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