Comparative studies of bile salts. 16-Deoxymyxinol, a second bile alcohol from hagfish.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Anderson IG
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1187781 | biostudies-other | 1969 May
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
Similar Datasets
Project description:1. The principal bile salt, myxinol disulphate, of two hagfish species, Eptatretus stoutii and Myxine glutinosa, has been shown by chemical methods and by optical-rotatory and mass-spectral considerations to be probably the C-3,27-disulphate ester of 3beta,7alpha,16alpha,27-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestane. 2. Myxine liver sterols were about half ;free' and half esterified: cholesterol only was identified. 3. The chemical nature of myxinol is what might be expected for the bile alcohol of a very primitive vertebrate.
| S-EPMC1265115 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Bile salts of Petromyzon marinus L. ammocoetes appeared to consist solely or chiefly of a crystalline substance, whose chromatographic and i.r.-spectral characteristics suggested that it was a monosulphate ester of a bile alcohol having the 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy pattern of substitution in a 5alpha-steroid nucleus. 2. This substance on cleavage with dioxan-trichloroacetic acid gave petromyzonol, n.m.r. and mass-spectral examination of which suggested the structure 5alpha-cholane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrol. 3. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5alpha-cholanoic acid (allocholic acid) from the lizards Anolis lineatopus lineatopus Gray and Cyclura carinata Harlan (family Iguanidae) was esterified with propan-1-ol and reduced by lithium aluminium hydride to 5alpha-cholane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrol, identical with petromyzonol. 4. Chromic acid oxidation of petromyzonol sulphate from lamprey bile, followed by acid hydrolysis, gave 24-hydroxy-5alpha-cholane-3,7,12-trione; hence the sulphate ester group is at C-24. 5. Petromyzonol sulphate is both primitive and unique: a study of its biogenesis might improve our understanding of evolution at the molecular level.
| S-EPMC1184842 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. G.l.c. examination of bile alcohols prepared from the sucker Catostomus commersoni Lacépède (family Catostomidae) showed that although 5alpha-cyprinol (5alpha-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26,27-pentol) was a minor constituent, the principal bile alcohol was an undescribed substance, probably present in the bile as the C-26 sulphate ester, whose i.r., n.m.r. and mass spectra agreed with the structure 5alpha-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24,26-pentol. 2. M(D) studies suggest that this 5alpha-chimaerol is the 24(+), 25S enantiomer and that 5beta-chimaerol (chimaerol) from Chimaera monstrosa bile also has the 24(+), 25S configuration. These findings imply that bile alcohol biosynthesis in suckers and chimaeras includes stereospecific oxidation of cholesterol at C-26. 3. C. commersoni bile acids (present in minor amounts) probably consist largely of 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5alpha-cholan-24-oic acid (allocholic acid). 4. 5alpha-Chimaerol sulphate and 5alpha-cyprinol sulphate are probably biochemically equivalent as bile salts, and can be considered as arising by parallel evolution.
| S-EPMC1185402 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Arapaima gigas bile salts were hydrolysed by alkali or cleaved with dioxan-trichloroacetic acid to give cholic acid, arapaimic acid, arapaimol-A and arapaimol-B. 2. I.r., n.m.r. and mass spectroscopy and [alpha](D) measurements indicated that arapaimic acid and arapaimol-A and -B are respectively 2alpha,3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-tetrahydroxy-5beta,25in-cholestan-26-oic acid, 5beta,25R-cholestane-2beta,3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-pentol and 5beta-cholestane-2beta,3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26,27-hexol. 3. Partial synthesis of 2beta,3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-tetrahydroxy-5alpha- and -5beta-cholan-24-oic acid and their spectral examination fully confirmed these conclusions. 4. A. gigas bile salts show primitive features in that they comprise alcohol sulphates and a C(27) acid; they are also specialized in showing 2beta-hydroxylation.
| S-EPMC1178539 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Bile salts of the sturgeons Acipenser guldenstaedti Brandt, Acipenser stellatus Pall and Huso huso L. and of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula Walbaum are shown to be closely similar, consisting mainly of taurocholate with minor amounts of tauroallocholate and the monosulphates of bile alcohols. The bile alcohols, comprising less than 10% of the bile salts, are mixtures with high proportions of substances resembling C(27) tetrols and of C(27) pentols, including 5beta-cyprinol and (probably) 5alpha-cyprinol. 2. 5beta-Cyprinol (3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26,27-pentahydroxy-5beta-cholestane) was made from cholic acid via 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triacetoxy-5beta-cholan-24-ol in an overall yield of about 0.8%. 3. The chemical nature of chondrostean bile salts agrees with the systematic position of the fishes and suggests further correspondence between evolution at the morphological and molecular levels.
| S-EPMC1198802 | biostudies-other
Project description:The fish olfactory receptor ORA family is orthologous to the mammalian vomeronasal receptors type 1. It consists of six highly conserved chemosensory receptors expected to be essential for survival and communication. We deorphanized the zebrafish ORA family in a heterologous cell system. The six receptors responded specifically to lithocholic acid (LCA) and closely related C24 5β-bile acids/salts. LCA attracted zebrafish as strongly as food in behavioral tests, whereas the less potent cholanic acid elicited weaker attraction, consistent with the in vitro results. The ORA-ligand recognition patterns were probed with site-directed mutagenesis guided by in silico modeling. We revealed the receptors' structure-function relationship underlying their specificity and selectivity for these compounds. Bile acids/salts are putative fish semiochemicals or pheromones sensed by the olfactory system with high specificity. This work identified their receptors and provided the basis for probing the roles of ORAs and bile acids/salts in fish chemosensation.
| S-EPMC6497948 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bile salts are the major end-metabolites of cholesterol and are important in lipid digestion and shaping of the gut microflora. There have been limited studies of bile-salt variation in birds. The purpose of our study was to determine bile-salt variation among birds and relate this variation to current avian phylogenies and hypotheses on the evolution of bile salt pathways. We determined the biliary bile-salt composition of 405 phylogenetically diverse bird species, including 7 paleognath species. Bile salt profiles were generally stable within bird families. Complex bile-salt profiles were more common in omnivores and herbivores than in carnivores. The structural variation of bile salts in birds is extensive and comparable to that seen in surveys of bile salts in reptiles and mammals. Birds produce many of the bile salts found throughout nonavian vertebrates and some previously uncharacterized bile salts. One difference between birds and other vertebrates is extensive hydroxylation of carbon-16 of bile salts in bird species. Comparison of our data set of bird bile salts with that of other vertebrates, especially reptiles, allowed us to infer evolutionary changes in the bile salt synthetic pathway.
| S-EPMC2990222 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), including serotype O157:H7, cause severe food-borne illness. On route to the human colon, they encounter and resist, numerous anti-microbial ingestion stresses. We hypothesize that these stresses cue EHEC to alter virulence properties. This study investigated the impact of bile salts on virulence properties and examined the genetic basis of the phenotypes. Established assays were used to examine adhesion to human epithelial cells, motility, verotoxin (VT) production and antimicrobial resistance with/without bile salt stress. Bacteria treated for 90 minute in DMEM plus 0.15% (w/v) bile salt mix demonstrated significantly enhanced adhesion to epithelial cells and resistance to several antibiotics but did not increase motility or VT production. To determine the genetic basis of these phenotypes a microarray experiment was conducted. EHEC strain 86-24, in mid-log phase of growth, were grown in DMEM pH 7.4 (control), or DMEM plus bile salt mix (0.15% w/v), for 90 minutes, statically at 37˚C, 5% CO2 prior to harvesting RNA for the microarray study. Four biological replicates were produced for each treatment. Microarray and gene expression analysis (semi-quantitative RT-PCR and beta-galactosidase reporter assays) of bile salt-treated EHEC revealed significant up-regulation of genes for lipid A modification, fimbriae, an efflux pump, and a two-component regulatory system relative to the bacteria grown in DMEM alone. This work points to several mechanisms that EHEC employs to resist the stresses of the human small intestine, notably efflux, antimicrobial resistance, and outer membrane alterations. Bile salts enhanced the virulence-related properties of increased adhesion and resistance to antimicrobials but not VT production or motility. This research contributes to our understanding of how EHEC senses and responds to host environmental signals and the mechanisms this pathogen uses to successfully colonize and infect the human host.
2011-09-06 | GSE22060 | GEO
Project description:1. The study of the effect of bile salts on enhancing calcium absorption in the rachitic chick has been extended to bile salts not present in chick bile, e.g. glycine conjugates and bile alcohol sulphates. 2. Bile and bile salts cause an increase in calcium absorption from sparingly soluble calcium hydrogen phosphate when compared with a suspension of calcium hydrogen phosphate in saline. 3. If the bile ducts of normal rats are tied the absorption of calcium from calcium hydrogen phosphate decreases but can be restored by giving bile salts with the calcium salt. 4. Bile salts increase solubility in water of the sparingly soluble calcium salts, phytate and phosphate at pH values between 6 and 8. 5. Bile salts increase the solubility in lipid solvents of calcium in approximately the same proportion as they increase the absorption of calcium from the gut. 6. The physiological role of bile in calcium absorption and its mode of action are discussed.
| S-EPMC1265197 | biostudies-other
Project description:This experiment is to investigate E.faecium E1162 transcriptome profiles under bile salts activation.
2013-10-10 | E-MEXP-3796 | biostudies-arrayexpress