The polyphosphoinositide content of the leucocyte, erythrocyte and macrophage.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Wieneke AA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1198423 | biostudies-other | 1967 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:1. A new assay procedure has been devised for measurement of the Ca(2+)-activated polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase (phosphatidylinositol polyphosphate phosphodiesterase) activity of erythrocyte ghosts. The ghosts are prepared from cells previously incubated with [(32)P]P(i). They are incubated under appropriate conditions for activation of the phosphodiesterase and the released (32)P-labelled inositol bisphosphate and inositol trisphosphate are separated by anion-exchange chromatography on small columns of Dowex-1 (formate form). When necessary, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate can be deacylated and the released phosphodiesters separated on the same columns. 2. The release of both inositol bisphosphate and inositol trisphosphate was rapid in human ghosts, with half of the labelled membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate broken down in only a few minutes in the presence of 0.5mm-Ca(2+). For both esters, optimum rates of release were seen at pH6.8-6.9. Mg(2+) did not provoke release of either ester. 3. Ca(2+) provoked rapid polyphosphoinositide breakdown in rabbit erythrocyte ghosts and a slower breakdown in rat ghosts. Erythrocyte ghosts from pig or ox showed no release of inositol phosphates when exposed to Ca(2+). 4. In the presence of Mg(2+), the inositol trisphosphate released from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate was rapidly converted into inositol bisphosphate by phosphomonoesterase activity. 5. Neomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic that interacts with polyphosphoinositides, inhibited the breakdown of both phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, with the latter process being appreciably more sensitive to the drug. Phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride, an inhibitor of serine esterases that is said to inhibit phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, had no effect on the activity of the erythrocyte polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase. 6. These observations are consistent with the notion that human, and probably rabbit and rat, erythrocyte membranes possess a single polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase that is activated by Ca(2+) and that attacks phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate with equal facility. Inhibition of this activity by neomycin seems likely to be due to interactions between neomycin and the polyphosphoinositides, with the greater inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate breakdown consistent with the greater affinity of the drug for this lipid. In addition, erythrocyte membranes possess Mg(2+)-dependent phosphomonoesterase that converts inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate into inositol bisphosphate.
| S-EPMC1163219 | biostudies-other
Project description:It is proposed that the bond between nitric oxide (NO) and the Hb thiol Cys-beta(93) (SNOHb) is favored when hemoglobin (Hb) is in the relaxed (R, oxygenated) conformation, and that deoxygenation to tense (T) state destabilizes the SNOHb bond, allowing transfer of NO from Hb to form other (vasoactive) S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). However, it has not previously been possible to measure SNOHb without extensive Hb preparation, altering its allostery and SNO distribution. Here, we have validated an assay for SNOHb that uses carbon monoxide (CO) and cuprous chloride (CuCl)-saturated Cys. This assay is specific for SNOs and sensitive to 2-5 pmol. Uniquely, it measures the total SNO content of unmodified erythrocytes (RBCs) (SNO(RBC)), preserving Hb allostery. In room air, the ratio of SNO(RBC) to Hb in intact RBCs is stable over time, but there is a logarithmic loss of SNO(RBC) with oxyHb desaturation (slope, 0.043). This decay is accelerated by extraerythrocytic thiol (slope, 0.089; P < 0.001). SNO(RBC) stability is uncoupled from O(2) tension when Hb is locked in the R state by CO pretreatment. Also, SNO(RBC) is increased approximately 20-fold in human septic shock (P = 0.002) and the O(2)-dependent vasoactivity of RBCs is affected profoundly by SNO content in a murine lung bioassay. These data demonstrate that SNO content and O(2) saturation are tightly coupled in intact RBCs and that this coupling is likely to be of pathophysiological significance.
| S-EPMC556285 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Energy metabolism in RBCs is characterized by O2-responsive variations in flux through the Embden Meyerhof pathway (EMP) or the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP). Therefore, the generation of ATP, NADH, and 2,3-DPG (EMP) or NADPH (HMP) shift with RBC O2 content because of competition between deoxyhemoglobin and key EMP enzymes for binding to the cytoplasmic domain of the Band 3 membrane protein (cdB3). Enzyme inactivation by cdB3 sequestration in oxygenated RBCs favors HMP flux and NADPH generation (maximizing glutathione-based antioxidant systems). We tested the hypothesis that sickle hemoglobin disrupts cdB3-based regulatory protein complex assembly, creating vulnerability to oxidative stress. In RBCs from patients with sickle cell anemia, we demonstrate in the present study constrained HMP flux, NADPH, and glutathione recycling and reduced resilience to oxidative stress manifested by membrane protein oxidation and membrane fragility. Using a novel, inverted membrane-on-bead model, we illustrate abnormal (O2-dependent) association of sickle hemoglobin to RBC membrane that interferes with sequestration/inactivation of the EMP enzyme GAPDH. This finding was confirmed by immunofluorescent imaging during RBC O2 loading/unloading. Moreover, selective inhibition of inappropriately dispersed GAPDH rescues antioxidant capacity. Such disturbance of cdB3-based linkage between O2 gradients and RBC metabolism suggests a novel mechanism by which hypoxia may influence the sickle cell anemia phenotype.
| S-EPMC3587328 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Red blood cells (RBCs) are cleared from the circulation when they become damaged or display aging signals targeted by macrophages. This process occurs mainly in the spleen, where blood flows through submicrometric constrictions called inter-endothelial slits (IES), subjecting RBCs to large-amplitude deformations. In this work, RBCs are circulated through microfluidic devices containing microchannels that replicate the IES. The cyclic mechanical stresses experienced by the cells affect their biophysical properties and molecular composition, accelerating cell aging. Specifically, RBCs quickly transition to a more spherical, less deformable phenotype that hinders microchannel passage, causing hemolysis. This transition is associated with the release of membrane vesicles, which self-extinguishes as the spacing between membrane-cytoskeleton linkers becomes tighter. Proteomics analysis of the mechanically aged RBCs reveals significant losses of essential proteins involved in antioxidant protection, gas transport, and cell metabolism. Finally, it is shown that these changes make mechanically aged RBCs more susceptible to macrophage phagocytosis. These results provide a comprehensive model explaining how physical stress induces RBC clearance in the spleen. The data also suggest new biomarkers of early "hemodamage" and inflammation preceding hemolysis in RBCs subjected to mechanical stress.
| S-EPMC9284186 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cardiac hypertrophy occurs in response to a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli that impose increased biomechanical stress. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has previously been strongly associated with hypertrophic signaling in the heart, and with the control of cell size in multiple contexts. This pathway is tightly regulated by many factors, including a host of kinases and phosphatases that function at multiple steps in the signaling cascade. For example, the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) tumor suppressor protein is a phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase that, by metabolizing phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns[3,4,5]P(3), PIP3), acts in direct antagonism to growth factor-stimulated PI3K. Inhibition of PTEN leads to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Another polyphoinositide phosphatase, inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase F (Inpp5f) has recently been implicated in regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. Like PTEN, this phosphatase can degrade PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and thus modulates the PI3K/Akt pathway.To characterize the role of Inpp5f in regulating cardiac hypertrophy.We generated homozygous Inpp5f knockout mice and cardiac specific Inpp5f overexpression transgenic mice. We evaluated their hearts for biochemical, structural and functional changes. Inpp5f knockout mice have augmented hypertrophy and reactivation of the fetal gene program in response to stress when compared to wild-type littermates. Furthermore, cardiac overexpression of Inpp5f in transgenic mice reduces hypertrophic responsiveness.Our results suggest that Inpp5f is a functionally important endogenous modulator of cardiac myocyte size and of the cardiac response to stress.
| S-EPMC2802340 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Within eukaryotic cells, biochemical reactions need to be organized on the surface of membrane compartments that use distinct lipid constituents to dynamically modulate the functions of integral proteins or influence the selective recruitment of peripheral membrane effectors. As a result of these complex interactions, a variety of human pathologies can be traced back to improper communication between proteins and membrane surfaces; either due to mutations that directly alter protein structure or as a result of changes in membrane lipid composition. Among the known structural lipids found in cellular membranes, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is unique in that it also serves as the membrane-anchored precursor of low-abundance regulatory lipids, the polyphosphoinositides (PPIn), which have restricted distributions within specific subcellular compartments. The ability of PPIn lipids to function as signaling platforms relies on both non-specific electrostatic interactions and the selective stereospecific recognition of PPIn headgroups by specialized protein folds. In this chapter, we will attempt to summarize the structural diversity of modular PPIn-interacting domains that facilitate the reversible recruitment and conformational regulation of peripheral membrane proteins. Outside of protein folds capable of capturing PPIn headgroups at the membrane interface, recent studies detailing the selective binding and bilayer extraction of PPIn species by unique functional domains within specific families of lipid-transfer proteins will also be highlighted. Overall, this overview will help to outline the fundamental physiochemical mechanisms that facilitate localized interactions between PPIn lipids and the wide-variety of PPIn-binding proteins that are essential for the coordinate regulation of cellular metabolism and membrane dynamics.
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Project description:Red blood cell (RBC) levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, the omega-3 index, expressed as a percent of total fatty acids) are inversely related to risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although several mechanisms underlying this relationship have been proposed, understanding the associations between the omega-3 index and markers of CVD in the community can shed additional light on this question. The objectives of this study were to define the relations between the omega-3 index and clinical factors and to determine the heritability of the omega-3 index.RBC samples (n = 3196) drawn between 2005 and 2008 from participants in the Framingham Study [Examination 8 of the Offspring cohort plus Examination 3 of the Omni (minorities) cohort] were analyzed for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography.The mean (SD) omega-3 index was 5.6% (1.7%). In multivariable regression models, the factors significantly and directly associated with the omega-3 index were age, female sex, higher education, fish oil supplementation, dietary intake of EPA + DHA, aspirin use, lipid pharmacotherapy, and LDL-cholesterol. Factors inversely associated were Offspring cohort, heart rate, waist girth, triglycerides and smoking. The total explained variability in the omega-3 index for the fully adjusted model was 73%, which included major components due to heritability (24%), EPA + DHA intake (25%), and fish oil supplementation (15%).The variability in the omega-3 index is determined primarily by dietary and genetic factors. An increased omega-3 index is associated with a generally cardioprotective risk factor milieu.
| S-EPMC3593234 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Signaling via the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) controls the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of macrophages. Mutations in CSF1 or CSF1R in mice and rats have pleiotropic effects on postnatal somatic growth. We tested the possible application of pig CSF1-Fc fusion protein as a therapy for low birth weight (LBW) at term, using a model based on maternal dexamethasone treatment in rats. Neonatal CSF1-Fc treatment did not alter somatic growth and did not increase the blood monocyte count. Instead, there was a substantial increase in the size of liver in both control and LBW rats, and the treatment greatly exacerbated lipid droplet accumulation seen in the dexamethasone LBW model. These effects were reversed upon cessation of treatment. Transcriptional profiling of the livers supported histochemical evidence of a large increase in macrophages with a resident Kupffer cell phenotype and revealed increased expression of many genes implicated in lipid droplet formation. There was no further increase in hepatocyte proliferation over the already high rates in neonatal liver. In conclusion, treatment of neonatal rats with CSF1-Fc caused an increase in liver size and hepatic lipid accumulation, due to Kupffer cell expansion and/or activation rather than hepatocyte proliferation. Increased liver macrophage numbers and expression of endocytic receptors could mitigate defective clearance functions in neonates. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is based on extensive studies in mice and pigs of the role of CSF1/CSF1R in macrophage development and postnatal growth. We extended the study to neonatal rats as a possible therapy for low birth weight. Unlike our previous studies in mice and pigs, there was no increase in hepatocyte proliferation and no increase in monocyte numbers. Instead, neonatal rats treated with CSF1 displayed reversible hepatic steatosis and Kupffer cell expansion.
| S-EPMC5899243 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveThe relationship between inflammation, obesity, and adverse metabolic conditions is associated with adipose tissue macrophages (ATM). This study compared the measurements of human ATM using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of ATM markers.MethodsA new software program (AMCounter) was evaluated to help measure ATM using IHC, and this was compared to flow cytometry and RT-PCR.ResultsIHC had good intraindividual reproducibility for total (CD68), proinflammatory (CD14), and anti-inflammatory (CD206) ATM. The AMCounter improved interreader agreement and was more time efficient. Flow cytometry had acceptable intraindividual reproducibility for the percentage of CD68+ cells that were CD14+ or CD206+ , but not for ATMs per gram of tissue. ATMs per gram of tissue was much greater using IHC than flow cytometry. The flow cytometry and IHC measures of ATM from the same biopsies were not correlated. There were statistically significant correlations between RT-PCR CD68 and IHC CD68, CD14, and CD206 ATMs per 100 adipocytes. Also of interest were statistically significant correlations between RT-PCR CD68 and IHC CD68, CD14, and adipose flow cytometry measures of CD68+ , CD68+ /CD14+ , and CD68+ /CD206+ ATMs per gram of tissue.ConclusionsThe AMCounter software helps provide reproducible and efficient measures of IHC ATMs. Flow cytometry, IHC, and RT-PCR measures of adipose inflammation provide somewhat different information.
| S-EPMC5705319 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Macrophages are plastic cells of the innate immune system that perform a wide range of immune- and homeostasis-related functions. Due to their plasticity, macrophages can polarize into a spectrum of activated phenotypes. Rapid identification of macrophage polarization states provides valuable information for drug discovery, toxicological screening, and immunotherapy evaluation. The complexity associated with macrophage activation limits the ability of current biomarker-based methods to rapidly identify unique activation states. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of a 2-element sensor array that provides an information-rich 5-channel output to successfully determine macrophage polarization phenotypes in a matter of minutes. The simple and robust sensor generates a high dimensional data array which enables accurate macrophage evaluations in standard cell lines and primary cells after cytokine treatment, as well as following exposure to a model disease environment.
| S-EPMC8163325 | biostudies-literature