Catechol oxygenase induction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Farr DR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1198591 | biostudies-other | 1968 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Hemolytic phospholipase C, PlcH, is an important virulence factor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PlcH preferentially hydrolyzes sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine, and this hydrolysis activity drives tissue damage and inflammation and interferes with the oxidative burst of immune cells. Among other contributors, transcription of plcH was previously shown to be induced by phosphate starvation via PhoB and the choline metabolite, glycine betaine, via GbdR. Here, we show that sphingosine can induce plcH transcription and result in secreted PlcH enzyme activity. This induction is dependent on the sphingosine-sensing transcriptional regulator SphR. The SphR induction of plcH occurs from the promoter for the gene upstream of plcH that encodes the neutral ceramidase, CerN, and transcriptional readthrough of the cerN transcription terminator. Evidence for these conclusions came from mutation of the SphR binding site in the cerN promoter, mutation of the cerN terminator, enhancement of cerN termination by adding the rrnB terminator, and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) showing that the intergenic region between cerN and plcH is made as RNA during sphingosine, but not choline, induction. We also observed that, like glycine betaine induction, sphingosine induction of plcH is under catabolite repression control, which likely explains why such induction was not seen in other studies using sphingosine in rich media. The addition of sphingosine as a novel inducer for PlcH points to the regulation of plcH transcription as a site for the integration of multiple host-derived signals.ImportancePlcH is a secreted phospholipase C/sphingomyelinase that is important for the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we show that sphingosine, which presents itself or as a product of P. aeruginosa sphingomyelinase and ceramidase activity, leads to the induction of plcH transcription. This transcriptional induction occurs from the promoter of the upstream ceramidase gene generating a conditional operon. The transcript on which plcH resides, therefore, is different depending on which host molecule or condition leads to induction, and this may have implications for PlcH post-transcriptional regulation. This work also adds to our understanding of P. aeruginosa with host-derived sphingolipids.
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Project description:A heme-dependent conformational rearrangement of the C-terminal domain of heme binding protein (PhuS) is required for interaction with the iron-regulated heme oxygenase (HemO). Herein, we further investigate the underlying mechanism of this conformational rearrangement and its implications for heme transfer via site-directed mutagenesis, resonance Raman (RR), hydrogen-deuterium exchange MS (HDX-MS) methods, and molecular dynamics (MD). HDX-MS revealed that the apo-PhuS C-terminal α6/α7/α8-helices are largely unstructured, whereas the apo-PhuS H212R variant showed an increase in structure within these regions. The increased rate of heme association with apo-PhuS H212R compared with the WT and lack of a detectable five-coordinate high-spin (5cHS) heme intermediate are consistent with a more folded and less dynamic C-terminal domain. HDX-MS and MD of holo-PhuS indicate an overall reduction in molecular flexibility throughout the protein, with significant structural rearrangement and protection of the heme binding pocket. We observed slow cooperative unfolding/folding events within the C-terminal helices of holo-PhuS and the N-terminal α1/α2-helices that are dampened or eliminated in the holo-PhuS H212R variant. Chemical cross-linking and MALDI-TOF MS mapped these same regions to the PhuS:HemO protein-protein interface. We previously proposed that the protein-protein interaction induces conformational rearrangement, promoting a ligand switch from His-209 to His-212 and triggering heme release to HemO. The reduced conformational freedom of holo-PhuS H212R combined with the increase in entropy and decrease in heme transfer on interaction with HemO further support this model. This study provides significant insight into the role of protein dynamics in heme binding and release in bacterial heme transport proteins.
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Project description:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen of humans, uses quorum sensing (QS) to regulate the production of extracellular products that can benefit all members of the population. P. aeruginosa can police QS-deficient cheaters by producing hydrogen cyanide, which is also QS regulated; however, the mechanism by which cooperators selectively protect themselves from the toxicity of cyanide remained unresolved. Here, we show that a cyanide-insensitive terminal oxidase encoded by cioAB provides resistance to cyanide, but only in QS-proficient strains. QS-deficient cheaters do not activate cioAB transcription. QS-mediated regulation of cioAB expression depends on production of both cyanide by cooperators (which is QS regulated) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from cheaters (which is not QS regulated). This type of regulatory system allows cooperating populations to respond, via ROS, to the presence of cheaters, and might allow them to defer the substantial metabolic cost of policing until cheaters are present in the population.
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