The permeability of mitochondria to oxaloacetate and malate.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Haslam JM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1198718 | biostudies-other | 1968 May
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:1. The rates of translocation of oxaloacetate and l-malate into rat liver mitochondria were measured by a direct spectrophotometric assay. 2. Penetration obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and apparent K(m) values were 40mum for oxaloacetate and 0.13mm for l-malate. 3. Arrhenius plots of the temperature-dependence of rates of penetration gave activation energies of +10kcal./mole for oxaloacetate and +8kcal./mole for l-malate. 4. The translocation of both oxaloacetate and l-malate was competitively inhibited by d-malate, succinate, malonate, meso-tartrate, maleate and citraconate. The K(i) values of these inhibitors were similar for the penetration of both oxaloacetate and l-malate. 5. Rates of penetration were stimulated by NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride plus ascorbate under aerobic conditions or by ATP under anaerobic conditions. 6. The energy-dependent stimulation of translocation was abolished by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Oligomycin A, aurovertin, octyl-guanidine and atractyloside prevented the stimulation by ATP, but did not inhibit the stimulation by NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride plus ascorbate. 7. Mitochondria prepared in the presence of ethylene-dioxybis(ethyleneamino)tetra-acetic acid did not exhibit the energy-dependent translocation, but this could be restored by the addition of 50mum-calcium chloride. 8. Valinomycin or gramicidin plus potassium chloride enhanced the energy-dependent translocation of oxaloacetate and l-malate. 9. Addition of oxaloacetate stimulated the adenosine triphosphatase activity of the mitochondria, and the ratio of ;extra' oxaloacetate translocation to ;extra' adenosine triphosphatase activity was 1.6:1. 10. Possible mechanisms for the energy-dependent entry of oxaloacetate and l-malate into mitochondria are discussed in relation to the above results.
| S-EPMC1187045 | biostudies-other
Project description:Intracellular malate-starch interconversion plays an important role in stomatal movements. We investigated whether malate or oxaloacetate from the cytosolic membrane side regulate anion channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells. Physiological concentrations of cytosolic malate have been reported in the range of 0.4-3 mM in leaf cells. Guard cell patch clamp and two-electrode oocyte voltage-clamp experiments were pursued. We show that a concentration of 1 mM cytosolic malate greatly activates S-type anion channels in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells. Interestingly, 1 mM cytosolic oxaloacetate also activates S-type anion channels. Malate activation was abrogated at 10 mM malate and in SLAC1 anion channel mutant alleles. Interestingly, malate activation of S-type anion currents was disrupted at below resting cytosolic-free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+ ]cyt ), suggesting a key role for basal [Ca2+ ]cyt signaling. Cytosolic malate was not able to directly activate or enhance SLAC1-mediated anion currents in Xenopus oocytes, whereas in positive controls, cytosolic NaHCO3 enhanced SLAC1 activity, suggesting that malate may not directly modulate SLAC1. Cytosolic malate activation of S-type anion currents was impaired in ost1 and in cpk5/6/11/23 quadruple mutant guard cells. Together these findings show that these cytosolic organic anions function in guard cell 'plasma membrane' ion channel regulation.
| S-EPMC6115288 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. The mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from rat liver has been purified to a state of homogeneity as judged by starch-gel electrophoresis and the cytoplasmic isoenzyme has been obtained in a partically purified state. 2. Inhibition of the isoenzymes by sulphite has been studied. 3. In mitochondria loaded with sulphite, the catalytic activity of the (partially inhibited) internal malate dehydrogenase has been measured by addition of oxaloacetate to the suspension medium and observation of the consequent decrease in fluorescence of NADH. 4. Addition of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase to suspensions of mitochondria loaded with sulphite resulted in an increase in the level of intramitochondrial enzymic activity as measured by the above technique. Addition of the cytoplasmic isoenzyme did not result in such an increase. 5. These results show that mitochondria in suspension are permeable to the mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase but not to the cytoplasmic isoenzyme. 6. This conclusion has been confirmed by direct measurement of a decrease of enzyme activity in solution and an increase inside the mitochondria after incubation of organelles in solutions containing mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. No such effect was observed with the cytoplasmic isoenzyme. 7. Some features of the permeation process have been studied.
| S-EPMC1162381 | biostudies-other
Project description:The effects of rotenone on the succinate-driven reduction of matrix nicotinamide nucleotides were investigated in Percoll-purified mitochondria from potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. Depending on the presence of ADP or ATP, rotenone caused an increase or a decrease in the level of reduction of the matrix nicotinamide nucleotides. The increase in the reduction induced by rotenone in the presence of ADP was linked to the oxidation of the malate resulting from the oxidation of succinate. Depending on the experimental conditions, malic enzyme (at pH 6.6 or in the presence of added CoA) or malate dehydrogenase (at pH 7.9) were involved in this oxidation. At pH 7.9, the oxaloacetate produced progressively inhibited the succinate dehydrogenase. In the presence of ATP the production of oxaloacetate was stopped, and succinate dehydrogenase was protected from inhibition by oxaloacetate. However, previously accumulated oxaloacetate transitorily decreased the level of the reduction of the NAD+ driven by succinate, by causing the reversal of the malate dehydrogenase reaction. Under these conditions (i.e. presence of ATP), rotenone strongly inhibited the reduction of NAD+ by succinate-driven reverse electron flow. No evidence for an active reverse electron transport through a rotenone-insensitive path could be obtained. The inhibitory effect of rotenone was masked if malate had previously accumulated, owing to the malate-oxidizing enzymes which reduced part or all of the matrix NAD+.
| S-EPMC1149945 | biostudies-other
Project description:Malic acid is a potential biomass-derivable "building block" for chemical synthesis. Since wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains produce only low levels of malate, metabolic engineering is required to achieve efficient malate production with this yeast. A promising pathway for malate production from glucose proceeds via carboxylation of pyruvate, followed by reduction of oxaloacetate to malate. This redox- and ATP-neutral, CO(2)-fixing pathway has a theoretical maximum yield of 2 mol malate (mol glucose)(-1). A previously engineered glucose-tolerant, C(2)-independent pyruvate decarboxylase-negative S. cerevisiae strain was used as the platform to evaluate the impact of individual and combined introduction of three genetic modifications: (i) overexpression of the native pyruvate carboxylase encoded by PYC2, (ii) high-level expression of an allele of the MDH3 gene, of which the encoded malate dehydrogenase was retargeted to the cytosol by deletion of the C-terminal peroxisomal targeting sequence, and (iii) functional expression of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe malate transporter gene SpMAE1. While single or double modifications improved malate production, the highest malate yields and titers were obtained with the simultaneous introduction of all three modifications. In glucose-grown batch cultures, the resulting engineered strain produced malate at titers of up to 59 g liter(-1) at a malate yield of 0.42 mol (mol glucose)(-1). Metabolic flux analysis showed that metabolite labeling patterns observed upon nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of cultures grown on (13)C-labeled glucose were consistent with the envisaged nonoxidative, fermentative pathway for malate production. The engineered strains still produced substantial amounts of pyruvate, indicating that the pathway efficiency can be further improved.
| S-EPMC2394876 | biostudies-other
Project description:Cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase were purified from pig heart. Kinetic parameters were determined for the separate reaction catalysed by each enzyme and used to predict the course of the coupled reaction: (see article). Although a lag phase should have been easily seen, none was detected. The same coupled reaction was also carried out by using radioactive aspartate in the presence of unlabelled oxaloacetate. The reaction was quenched with HClO4 after 70 ms and the specific radioactivity of the malate produced in this system was found to be essentially the same as that of the original aspartate. These results show that oxaloacetate produced by the aspartate aminotransferase is converted into malate by malate dehydrogenase before it equilibrates with the pool of unlabelled oxaloacetate and are consistent with a proposal that the enzymes are associated in a complex. However, no physical evidence of the existence of a complex could be found. An alternative means of compartmentation of the intermediate as an unstable isomer is considered.
| S-EPMC1172624 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. By comparing the relative isotopic yields in glucose and CO(2) from precursors of mitochondrial and cytosolic malate, it is evident that the rate of isotopic exchange between these compartments is rapid. 2. A variety of potential inhibitors of malate exchange were tested, but no specific and effective inhibitor of the isotopic exchange has been found. 3. Compounds such as n-butylmalonate and p-iodobenzylmalonate, which have been used as inhibitors of the malate-phosphate transport system in isolated mitochondria, do not appear to be sufficiently specific to be useful in studies with intact cells.
| S-EPMC1177593 | biostudies-other
Project description:In striking analogy with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, etiolated pea stem mitochondria did not show appreciable Ca2+ uptake. Only treatment with the ionophore ETH129 (which allows electrophoretic Ca2+ equilibration) caused Ca2+ uptake followed by increased inner membrane permeability, membrane depolarization and Ca2+ release. Like the permeability transition (PT) of mammals, yeast and Drosophila, the PT of pea stem mitochondria was stimulated by diamide and phenylarsine oxide and inhibited by Mg-ADP and Mg-ATP, suggesting a common underlying mechanism; yet, the plant PT also displayed distinctive features: (i) as in mammals it was desensitized by cyclosporin A, which does not affect the PT of yeast and Drosophila; (ii) similarly to S. cerevisiae and Drosophila it was inhibited by Pi, which stimulates the PT of mammals; (iii) like in mammals and Drosophila it was sensitized by benzodiazepine 423, which is ineffective in S. cerevisiae; (iv) like what observed in Drosophila it did not mediate swelling and cytochrome c release, which is instead seen in mammals and S. cerevisiae. We find that cyclophilin D, the mitochondrial receptor for cyclosporin A, is present in pea stem mitochondria. These results indicate that the plant PT has unique features and suggest that, as in Drosophila, it may provide pea stem mitochondria with a Ca2+ release channel.
| S-EPMC6262314 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSerum oxalate levels suddenly increase with certain dietary exposures or ethylene glycol poisoning and are a well known cause of AKI. Established contributors to oxalate crystal-induced renal necroinflammation include the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein-dependent tubule necroptosis. These studies examined the role of a novel form of necrosis triggered by altered mitochondrial function.MethodsTo better understand the molecular pathophysiology of oxalate-induced AIK, we conducted in vitro studies in mouse and human kidney cells and in vivo studies in mice, including wild-type mice and knockout mice deficient in peptidylprolyl isomerase F (Ppif) or deficient in both Ppif and Mlkl.ResultsCrystals of calcium oxalate, monosodium urate, or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, as well as silica microparticles, triggered cell necrosis involving PPIF-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition. This process involves crystal phagocytosis, lysosomal cathepsin leakage, and increased release of reactive oxygen species. Mice with acute oxalosis displayed calcium oxalate crystals inside distal tubular epithelial cells associated with mitochondrial changes characteristic of mitochondrial permeability transition. Mice lacking Ppif or Mlkl or given an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition displayed attenuated oxalate-induced AKI. Dual genetic deletion of Ppif and Mlkl or pharmaceutical inhibition of necroptosis was partially redundant, implying interlinked roles of these two pathways of regulated necrosis in acute oxalosis. Similarly, inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition suppressed crystal-induced cell death in primary human tubular epithelial cells. PPIF and phosphorylated MLKL localized to injured tubules in diagnostic human kidney biopsies of oxalosis-related AKI.ConclusionsMitochondrial permeability transition-related regulated necrosis and necroptosis both contribute to oxalate-induced AKI, identifying PPIF as a potential molecular target for renoprotective intervention.
| S-EPMC6779355 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mitochondria produce ATP, especially critical for survival of highly aerobic cells, such as cardiac myocytes. Conversely, opening of mitochondrial high-conductance and long-lasting permeability transition pores (mPTP) causes respiratory uncoupling, mitochondrial injury, and cell death. However, low conductance and transient mPTP openings (tPTP) might limit mitochondrial Ca(2+) load and be cardioprotective, but direct evidence for tPTP in cells is limited.To directly characterize tPTP occurrence during sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release in adult cardiac myocytes.Here, we measured tPTP directly as transient drops in mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)]mito) and membrane potential (??m) in adult cardiac myocytes during cyclic sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release, by simultaneous live imaging of 500 to 1000 individual mitochondria. The frequency of tPTPs rose at higher [Ca(2+)]mito, [Ca(2+)]i, with 1 ?mol/L peroxide exposure and in myocyte from failing hearts. The tPTPs were suppressed by preventing mitochondrial Ca(2+) influx, by mPTP inhibitor cyclosporine A, sanglifehrin, and in cyclophilin D knockout mice. These tPTP events were 57±5 s in duration, but were rare (occurring in <0.1% of myocyte mitochondria at any moment) such that the overall energetic cost to the cell is minimal. The tPTP pore size is much smaller than for permanent mPTP, as neither Rhod-2 nor calcein (600 Da) were lost. Thus, proteins and even molecules the size of NADH (663 Da) will be retained during these tPTP.We conclude that tPTP openings (MitoWinks) may be molecularly related to pathological mPTP, but are likely to be normal physiological manifestation that benefits mitochondrial (and cell) survival by allowing individual mitochondria to reset themselves with little overall energetic cost.
| S-EPMC4779382 | biostudies-literature